International Health 2 Flashcards
Main viral Neglected Tropical Diseases?
dengue
rabies
Main Helminth NTDs?
lymphatic filariasis
schistosomiasis
echinococcus
Main Bacterial Infections?
buruli ulcer
trachoma
leprosy
Main protozoan infections?
human african trypanosomiasus
leishmaniasis
chagas disease
DALYs
disability adjusted life years
Where is the highest prevalence of NTDs?
sub saharan africa
Schistosomiasis?
AKA Bilharzia
- bloodborn, 2 species in Africa, especially near fresh water
Worms lay eggs in blood vessels, eggs travel around to intestines and bladder and hatch to produce larvae that reproduce
- chronic and debilitating, affects poor
- inflammation and fibrosis of bladder wall, colon, liver, spleen, lungs
May cause bladder cancer, portal hypertension, haematemesis
Treat using Praziquantel to kill adult schistosomes
Female genital schistosomiasis
cause genital lesions as eggs trapped in cervix
lesions increase HIV risk
Soil-transmitted helminth infections ‘worms’
STHs lead to stunting and decreased school performance
Albendazole
Mebendazole
Onchocerciasis?
AKA river blindness
- vector is blackfly
- blindness and sever skin disease
Mactizan
Lymphatic filariasis?
- transmitted by mosquitoes
- eliminated after 6 yrs
Albenzadole and Mectizan in Africa
Albendazole and DEC in Asia to prevent new infection
Blinding trachoma?
leading cause of preventable blindness
Zithromax
What is the strategy of Mass Drug Administration?
MDA given for LF, schistosomiasis, trachoma, onchocerciasis, intestinal helminths where prevalence above thresholds
Diagnosis and treatment impossible because of costs
Drugs safe and effective
for schisto 10% target school aged, >50% for everyone, STH >50% MDA, trachoma >10% MDA, LF >1% MDA
How are NTDs controlled?
mapping
clear drugs and distribute
training
treatment
Control of Dengue?
mosquito born (Aedes aegypti) viral disease spreading
controlled by diagnosis, surveillance and outbreak response, vector control, vaccine
Control of rabies?
with symptoms death rate 100%
typically from dog bites
controlled by canine vaccine, humane dog management, vaccine people after exposure
Control of Buruli ulcer?
chronic skin disease by mycobacterium ulcerans endemic in 33 countries, highest in ghana, gabon, australia
poor knowledge and reporting may hide true prevalence
control by training health workers, early case detection, treat with antibiotics, case management (surgery)
Control of leprosy?
AKA Hansen disease
- chronic disease by mycobacterium leprae
- 5 year incubation period
- 95% population naturally immune
control by early detection, reduce new cases, reduce stigma and discrimination, intensify research
Control of podocniosis?
non-LF elephantiasis
no treatment
swealling of feet and legs
Control of trypanosomiasis?
AKA sleeping sickness
transmitted by Tsetse fly with sharp bite
control by early diagnosis, therapy for infected persons, control flies with baited traps or systemic insecticides in cattle to prevent forms mixing
