International development Flashcards
Human Development Index
A score between 0 and 1 that indicates how developed a country is; it combines data on life expectancy, education, and income.
Life expectancy
How many years a new baby can be expected to live for, on average.
Birth rate
The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year.
Death rate
The number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year.
Fertility rate
The average number of children per woman.
Poverty
The state of being poor.
Poverty line
Where a sum of money is used to define the level of poverty in a country.
Inequality
When wealth and access to services are not shared equally.
Extreme poverty
Where people have less than $1.90 to live on; this figure is set by the World Bank, and can change.
Adult literacy rate
The % of the population aged 15 and over who can read and write a simple sentence about everyday life.
Conflict
A serious disagreement, which may lead to violence and even war.
Corruption
Dishonest conduct by people in official positions; for example, they may except bribes.
Development
A process of change to improve peoples lives.
Developing country
It’s people are poor, on average, and lack many services.
Development indicator
A piece of data that helps to show how developed a country is.
Economic
About money, jobs, and business.
Economic migrant
A person who moves in order to find paid work, or earn more.
Economy
All the activities going on in a country, in producing, buying, selling, and distributing goods and services.
Emerging economy
It’s development is speeding up, usually because of industry.
Employment
The state of having paid work.
Employment structure
The % of the workforce in each sector; primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Export
Sell things to other countries.
GNI (Gross National Income)
The total amount that a country’s population and businesses earn in a year.
GNI per person (per capita)
The GNI divided by the population; it is a measure of how wealthy the people of a country are, on average.
GNI per person (PPP) (Purchasing Power Parity)
The GNI per person is adjusted to take into account that things cost more in some places than others.
Goods
Physical objects, such as pens, apples, and cars, that are bought and sold.
Import
Buy in things from other countries.
Industrial Revolution
The period (about 1760 - 1840) when many new machines were invented in the UK, and factories built.
Infrastructure
facilities such as roads, water supply, electricity grid, and railways, that keep a country and its economy running.
Landlocked
Surrounded by land, with no coastline.
Latrine
A very basic toilet; it could be just a hole, or trench in the ground.
Living sustainability
Living in a way that does not harm us humans, other species, or the environment.
Manufacturing
Making things in factories.
NGO (Non-governmental organisation)
A charity that helps people, and is not linked to a government.
COVAX
A scheme set up to share vaccines equally and ensure that LEDC’s and MEDC’s have fair access to vaccination alongside HEDC’s.
Pandemic
A disease that spreads over a very wide area, or the whole world, and affects a large number of people.
Endemic
A disease that spreads and is consistently present but limited to a particular region.
Epidemic
An unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area.
Primary sector
The sector of economy where people collect things from Earth.
Secondary sector
The sector of the economy where people build things and make things.
Tertiary sector
The sector of the economy where people provide services for other people.
Quaternary sector
The sector of the economy where people use high-level expertise to develop things that will help other sectors.
Quality of life
The level of comfort and well-being a person enjoys.
Replacement fertility rate
The average number of children per woman that keeps a population at the same size (without migration); it is taken as 2.1 children.
Services
Activities carried out to meet needs.
Standard of living
The level of goods, services, and comfort available to people.
Sustainable
Can be carried on into the future without doing harm.
Trade war
Where countries try to damage each other’s trade; for example, they may place tariffs on imports from each other.
Transnational corporation (TNC)
A company that operates in more than one country.
Unemployment
When people are looking for paid work, and can’t find it.
Utilities
Services provided, such as electricity, gas, and water supplies, sewage removal, and phone lines.
Top-down development
Development led by a government; for example, exploiting more of their natural resources to earn more, rooting out corruption, and developing manufacturing.
Bottom-up development
Development led by NGO’s; for example, microfinancing, providing materials for a particular purpose or teaching them skills and educating them.
Cheap loans
Money that can be borrowed with a low interest rate or price for borrowing.
Grants
A sum of money given by a government or other organization for a particular purpose.
Microfinancing
Lending people small loans, to help them set up a business.
Migrant
A person who moves somewhere else, usually to find work, or a better life.
Refugee
A person who has been forced to flee from danger; for example from war.
Globalisation
How the world is becoming more interconnected through movement of goods, people, money, and information.
Cash crop
A crop you grow for sale.
Geopolitics
How human and geographical factors shape the relationships between countries; for example a country may want to stay friendly with a country that borders it, or has resources it needs.
Commodities
Agricultural produce and natural materials, sold in bulk; for example, coffee, iron ore, and oil.
Development gap
The widening difference in levels of developing between the worlds richest and poorest countries.
Diversify
Develop a wider range; for example, more ways to earn income.
Infant mortality rate
The number of children per year out of every 1000 born alive that die before they reach the age of one.
Sanitation
Access to clean drinking water and sewage disposal.
Add value
Process something in a way that increases its value; so you can charge more.
Permit
A document giving a person permission to do something.
