Internal Systems Unit 4 Flashcards
What is a nutrient?
Any substance that has a useful function when take up by the body cells.
What is a Macronutrient?
Needed in large amounts daily.
What is a Micronutrient?
Needed in small quantities daily.
What are the 3 types of Macronutrients?
1) Carbohydrates
2) Fats
3) Proteins
(Provide energy in form of calories)
What are the 2 types of Micronutrients?
1) Vitamins
2) Minerals
(Do not provide energy)
What are essential nutrients?
Must be obtained from the diet (certain amino acids, certain fatty acids).
What are water soluble vitamins?
Dissolve in water and are excreted from the body through urine (includes vitamin B and C, cant overdose on these vitamins).
What are fat soluble vitamins?
Stored in body fat reserves, not excreted includes vitamins A, D, E, K.
What are minerals?
Inorganic elements obtained from food that are essential to the functioning of the human body, needed in small amounts.
What is water?
-Not an energy source
-Need 1-1.5 L daily
-Regulates body temp
What are polymers?
Long chains of small subunits.
What are monomers?
Smallest subunit of a macromolecules.
What are the 3 monosaccharides?
1) Glucose
2) Frutcose
3) Galactose
What are 3 polysaccharide?
1) Startch
2) Cellulose
3) Glycogen
What are the three Salivary glands?
1) Parotid gland (top)
2) Sublingual gland (under tongue)
3)Submandibular (under jaw)
What are the three small intestines in order?
1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Ileum
What are Alimentary organs?
Where food passes through.
What are Accessory organs?
Food does not enter these organs.
What are the four steps of digestion?
1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Egestion
What are the two types of digestion?
1) Mechanical Digestion
2) Chemical Digestion
What is the process of peristalsis?
Muscels that contract involuntary to allow food to move down the esophagus.
What are Villi?
Finger like projections which line the small intestine, increases surface area for nutreint absorption.
What are microvilli?
Microscopic projections of the villi in the small intestine (microvilli are found on the villi).
What separates the small intestine from the large intestine?
The ileocaecal valve.
What is feeces made up of?
75% Water, 25% solid material.
How long can feces move along the large intestine?
4-72 Hours.
What is the Largest internal organ?
The Liver.
What does the liver do?
-Removes and breaks down toxins
-Produces bile, helps break down fats
What are the three types of digetive enzymes?
1) Carbohydrases
2) Lipases
3) Proteases
What is normal blood glucose range?
4-7mmol/L
What cells in the pancreas produce insulin?
Beta cells produce insulin.
What cells in the pancreas produce glucagon?
Alpha cells produce glucagon.
What is difussion?
Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Rate of diffusion depends on three things
1) Surface area of a cell membrane- larger the area, greater the exchange
2) Concentration Difference - greater the difference, more rapid the rate of diffusion
3) Diffusion distance- smaller the distance, greater the rate of diffusion
When inhalation is occuring what happens?
-Rib cage moves up and out
-diaphragm contracts and moves down
When exhalation is occuring what happens?
-Rib cage moves down and in
-Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
Air that is inhaled into the alveoli in the lungs has a high concentration of?
Oxygen (O2).
Air that is exhaled and leaves the alveoli has a high concetration of ?
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
What is the importance of hemoglobin in the blood?
It allows the transportation of O2 and CO2 in the blood.
