Evolution Unit 3 Flashcards
Who was Corolus Linnaeus?
-Father of modern taxonomy
-Created binomial nomenclature (genus and species name)
Who was George-Louis Le Clerc?
-Wrote Histoire Naturelle
-First person to publically challenge the idea life forms are unchanging
-Suggestef Earth was much older than 6000 years
Who was Erasmus Darwin?
-Published book Zoonomia
-Believed evolution takes place in both plants and animas
Who was Georges Cuvier?
-Developed science of paleontology
-Found that deeper the rock layer older the fossils
-Principle of Catastrophism
Who was James Hutton?
-Geologist
-Published Theory of the Earth
-Came up with Gradualism, the slow and steady change
Who was Thomas Malthus?
-Wrote an essay on the principle of population
-Thought food supply could not keep up with population
Who was Charles Lyell?
-Wrote principles of geology
-Came up with Uniformitatianism, geological process operates at the same rates as today as they did in the past
Who was Jean-Baptiste Lamark?
-came up with Law of use and disuse, and inheritamce of acquired characteristics
Who was charles Darwin?
-proved his theory of natural selection, evolution
-Published book on the orgin of species
What does populations mean?
The same species that live together in a given region capable of interbreeding.
What is population genetics?
Study of changes in the genetic make-up of populations.
What is a gene pool?
Complete set of all alleles contained within a species or population.
How do you determine the gene pool?
Multiply # of individuals in a pool x2
How do you determine the % for all the allele frequincies
Divide the # of alleles by the total population then multiply by 100.
What is the modern definition of evolution according to the modern theory of evolution?
Any change in the allele frequencies for a trait in populations over a period of time.
What does Biogeography mean?
Study of the past (fossils) and present (living species) geographical distribution of species.
What is plate tectonics?
The scientific theory that decribes the large scale movements and features of earths crust.
What is Continental dift?
Movement of the Earths continents appearing to drift across the ocean bed (Alfred Wagner 1912).
What is the fossil record?
A chronological collection of lifes remains in rock layers, recorded during the passage of time.
What is relative dating?
Approximate age based on comparing it to other known fossils.
What is Absolute dating?
Actual age on a fossil in years.
what are the 2 reasons not all living organisms can become fossils?
1) Environmental Conditions- Specific conditions are needed to fossilize organisms (high O2, dry)
2) Organisms Makeup- species with hard parts such as bones and shells become fossilized more easily than soft bodied organisms
What is a homologous structure?
Structures with the same evolutionary orgin that may serve different functions in modern species.
What is a Vestigial structure?
Remnants of structures that may have had important functions in ancestrial species but have no clear function in some of the modern descendants.
What is a Analogous structure?
Structures that have same functions, but their structures are different because they are distantly related.
What group of mammals are humans closely related to?
Primates.
By how much % are chimpanzees related to humans?
98%
What is a Pseudogene?
Genes that have gone under mutations and no longer serve a useful purpose.
What is the building block of protien?
Amino acids.
What molecule is commonly used to compare amino acid sequences?
Hemoglobin.
What is genetic drift?
Any change in the allele frequency as a result of random chance.
What are the two types of genetic drift?
1) Bottleneck effect
2) Founder effect
What is the bottleneck effect?
A dramatic temporary, reduction in population size resulting in genetic drift.
What is the Founder effect?
Few individuals from large populations may leave to establish a new population.
What is Gene flow?
Movement of alleles from one population to another through the movement of individuals (increases genetic variation).
What is a Mutation ?
Any change in the DNA sequence of an organism ; randomly introduced new alleles into a population.
Do mutations play a role in evolution?
Yes.
What is the only source of new genetic material?
Mutations.
What is sexual selection?
Differential reproductive success caused by variation in the abilty to obtain mates.
What is intra sexual selection?
Within the same sex, competition for mates of opposite sex (Male Vs Male)
What is inter sexual selection?
Between members of the opposite sex, one sex (usually females) are choosy for mate choice.
What is sexual dimorphism?
The difference in form between male and female of the same species.
What is artificial selection?
Breeding of domestic plants and animals to produce desirable traits.
What is natural selection?
Organisms with favourable variations survive and produce more offspring (not random process)
What are the 3 types of natural natural selection?
1) Directional selection
2) Stabilizing selection
3) Disruptive selection
What is directional selection?
Favours phenotypes at one extreme over another.
What is stabilizing selection?
Favours intermediate phenotypes and acts against extreme variants.
What is Disruptive selection?
Favours the extremes of a range of phenotypes, can result in elimination of intermediate phenotypes.
What is adaptation?
The process which takes place under natural selection over a period of time, where an organism becomes better suited for its environment.
What are the 3 types of adaptations?
1) structural adaptation
2) physiological adaptation
3) behavioural adaptation
What is structural adaptation?
An adaptation which involves some part of an organisms body.
What is physiological adaptation?
An adaptation which involves the chemicals needed for an organism to preform a function.
What is behavioural adaptation?
An adaptation involving reactions to the environment.
What is mimicry?
When one organism changes over time to look similar to or mimic another species.
What are the 2 types of mimicry?
1) batesian mimicry
2) mullerian mimicry
What is batesian mimicry?
A palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful species. Allows the mimic to avoid its predators.
What is mullerian mimicry?
A harmful species mimics another harmful species, allows predetors to more quickly avoid such species.
