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Biology > Evolution Unit 3 > Flashcards

Evolution Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Corolus Linnaeus?

A

-Father of modern taxonomy
-Created binomial nomenclature (genus and species name)

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2
Q

Who was George-Louis Le Clerc?

A

-Wrote Histoire Naturelle
-First person to publically challenge the idea life forms are unchanging
-Suggestef Earth was much older than 6000 years

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3
Q

Who was Erasmus Darwin?

A

-Published book Zoonomia
-Believed evolution takes place in both plants and animas

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4
Q

Who was Georges Cuvier?

A

-Developed science of paleontology
-Found that deeper the rock layer older the fossils
-Principle of Catastrophism

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5
Q

Who was James Hutton?

A

-Geologist
-Published Theory of the Earth
-Came up with Gradualism, the slow and steady change

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6
Q

Who was Thomas Malthus?

A

-Wrote an essay on the principle of population
-Thought food supply could not keep up with population

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7
Q

Who was Charles Lyell?

A

-Wrote principles of geology
-Came up with Uniformitatianism, geological process operates at the same rates as today as they did in the past

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8
Q

Who was Jean-Baptiste Lamark?

A

-came up with Law of use and disuse, and inheritamce of acquired characteristics

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9
Q

Who was charles Darwin?

A

-proved his theory of natural selection, evolution
-Published book on the orgin of species

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10
Q

What does populations mean?

A

The same species that live together in a given region capable of interbreeding.

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11
Q

What is population genetics?

A

Study of changes in the genetic make-up of populations.

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12
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

Complete set of all alleles contained within a species or population.

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13
Q

How do you determine the gene pool?

A

Multiply # of individuals in a pool x2

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14
Q

How do you determine the % for all the allele frequincies

A

Divide the # of alleles by the total population then multiply by 100.

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15
Q

What is the modern definition of evolution according to the modern theory of evolution?

A

Any change in the allele frequencies for a trait in populations over a period of time.

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16
Q

What does Biogeography mean?

A

Study of the past (fossils) and present (living species) geographical distribution of species.

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17
Q

What is plate tectonics?

A

The scientific theory that decribes the large scale movements and features of earths crust.

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18
Q

What is Continental dift?

A

Movement of the Earths continents appearing to drift across the ocean bed (Alfred Wagner 1912).

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19
Q

What is the fossil record?

A

A chronological collection of lifes remains in rock layers, recorded during the passage of time.

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20
Q

What is relative dating?

A

Approximate age based on comparing it to other known fossils.

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21
Q

What is Absolute dating?

A

Actual age on a fossil in years.

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22
Q

what are the 2 reasons not all living organisms can become fossils?

A

1) Environmental Conditions- Specific conditions are needed to fossilize organisms (high O2, dry)
2) Organisms Makeup- species with hard parts such as bones and shells become fossilized more easily than soft bodied organisms

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23
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

Structures with the same evolutionary orgin that may serve different functions in modern species.

24
Q

What is a Vestigial structure?

A

Remnants of structures that may have had important functions in ancestrial species but have no clear function in some of the modern descendants.

25
Q

What is a Analogous structure?

A

Structures that have same functions, but their structures are different because they are distantly related.

26
Q

What group of mammals are humans closely related to?

A

Primates.

27
Q

By how much % are chimpanzees related to humans?

A

98%

28
Q

What is a Pseudogene?

A

Genes that have gone under mutations and no longer serve a useful purpose.

29
Q

What is the building block of protien?

A

Amino acids.

30
Q

What molecule is commonly used to compare amino acid sequences?

A

Hemoglobin.

31
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Any change in the allele frequency as a result of random chance.

32
Q

What are the two types of genetic drift?

A

1) Bottleneck effect
2) Founder effect

33
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

A dramatic temporary, reduction in population size resulting in genetic drift.

34
Q

What is the Founder effect?

A

Few individuals from large populations may leave to establish a new population.

35
Q

What is Gene flow?

A

Movement of alleles from one population to another through the movement of individuals (increases genetic variation).

36
Q

What is a Mutation ?

A

Any change in the DNA sequence of an organism ; randomly introduced new alleles into a population.

37
Q

Do mutations play a role in evolution?

A

Yes.

38
Q

What is the only source of new genetic material?

A

Mutations.

39
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Differential reproductive success caused by variation in the abilty to obtain mates.

40
Q

What is intra sexual selection?

A

Within the same sex, competition for mates of opposite sex (Male Vs Male)

41
Q

What is inter sexual selection?

A

Between members of the opposite sex, one sex (usually females) are choosy for mate choice.

42
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

The difference in form between male and female of the same species.

43
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Breeding of domestic plants and animals to produce desirable traits.

44
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Organisms with favourable variations survive and produce more offspring (not random process)

45
Q

What are the 3 types of natural natural selection?

A

1) Directional selection
2) Stabilizing selection
3) Disruptive selection

46
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Favours phenotypes at one extreme over another.

47
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Favours intermediate phenotypes and acts against extreme variants.

48
Q

What is Disruptive selection?

A

Favours the extremes of a range of phenotypes, can result in elimination of intermediate phenotypes.

49
Q

What is adaptation?

A

The process which takes place under natural selection over a period of time, where an organism becomes better suited for its environment.

50
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptations?

A

1) structural adaptation
2) physiological adaptation
3) behavioural adaptation

51
Q

What is structural adaptation?

A

An adaptation which involves some part of an organisms body.

52
Q

What is physiological adaptation?

A

An adaptation which involves the chemicals needed for an organism to preform a function.

53
Q

What is behavioural adaptation?

A

An adaptation involving reactions to the environment.

54
Q

What is mimicry?

A

When one organism changes over time to look similar to or mimic another species.

55
Q

What are the 2 types of mimicry?

A

1) batesian mimicry
2) mullerian mimicry

56
Q

What is batesian mimicry?

A

A palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful species. Allows the mimic to avoid its predators.

57
Q

What is mullerian mimicry?

A

A harmful species mimics another harmful species, allows predetors to more quickly avoid such species.

Biology (5 decks)

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