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Biology > Diversity Of Life Unit 2 > Flashcards

Diversity Of Life Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Biodiversity mean?

A

The variety and number of species on Earth.

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2
Q

What two words make up biodiversity?

A

Biological diversity.

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3
Q

What are the 3 commonly used species concepts?

A

-Morphological species concept
-Biological species concept
-Phylogenetic species concept

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4
Q

What does Morphological species concept?

A

Focuses on morphology (physical features) - body shape, size and other structural features.

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5
Q

What does Biological species concept mean?

A

Defines species on the basis of whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring.

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6
Q

What does Phylogenetic species concept mean?

A

Examine phylogeny or evolutionary history of organisms (DNA evidence is used).

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7
Q

What does hybridization mean?

A

The crossbreeding of two different species.

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8
Q

What are the types of diversity?

A

-Genetic diversity
-Species diversity
-Structural diversity

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9
Q

What does genetic diversity mean?

A

The genetic variability among organisms-usually referring to individuals of the same species (same species).

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10
Q

What does species diversity mean?

A

A measure of diversity that takes into account the quantity of each species present, as well as the variety of different species present in an ecosystem (different species).

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11
Q

What does structural diversity mean?

A

The range of physical shapes,sizes and distribution of the individuals, as well as habitats and communities in an ecosystem (Different species and their environment).

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12
Q

Why is biodiversity at risk?

A

Human activities such as urbanization, industrialization, and demands for more food put biodiversity at risk.

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13
Q

What are humans responsible for?

A

-Pollution
-Climate change
-Habitat fragmentation

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14
Q

What will happen if we lose biodiversity?

A

-Will threaten our food supply
-Will eliminates sources of natural medicine
-Will significantly impact economy specifically tourism
-Will cause disruptions in biogeochemical cycles such as carbon cycle

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15
Q

What does Taxonomy mean?

A

The branch of biology which deals with the classification of organisms; taxonomists classify both living and fossil species.

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16
Q

What are the reasons for classifying species?

A

-Accurately and uniformly names organisms (same in all countries)
-Prevents duplicated names (latin is used to name organisms)
-Prevents misnomers (eg starfish, jellyfish)
-Shows evolutionary relationships

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17
Q

What did Aristotle do?

A

Grouped organisms according to habitat: Land dwellers, water dwellers, air dwellers

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18
Q

What is the great chain of being?

A

An early classification system, used fix positions to rank organisms (humans at the top, plants at the bottom)

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19
Q

What does Binomial nomenclature mean?

A

Two word naming system used in taxonomy. (Scientific name)

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20
Q

What words are capitalized, lower cased, and underlined?

A

Genus name the first letter is always capitalized, the species name is not capital at all, the scientific name is underlined (eg Homo sapiens underlined)

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21
Q

What does taxon mean?

A

One of a series of progressively smaller groups.

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22
Q

What are 8 taxa?

A

1)Domain
2)Kingdom
3)Phylum
4)Class
5)Order
6)Family
7)Genus
8)Species

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23
Q

What is the pneumonic device to memorize the 8 taxa?

A

Did King Philip Come Over From Germany Saturday

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24
Q

What are the characteristics used to distinguish living organisms from inanimate objects?

A

1) Precence of Cells: made up of one or more basic units called cells
2) Energy use: must aquire and use energy
3)Reproduction: ability to reproduce sexually and/or asexually
4)Responce: must interact with the environment and be able to maintain stable internal conditions
5)Growth and death: all living organisms have a life span

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25
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

A two part statement used to identify organisms (or objects).

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26
Q

What does Phylogeny mean?

A

The evolutionary history of a species.

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27
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

A diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships between different species.

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28
Q

Where are the descendents located on the phylogenetic tree?

A

The tips.

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29
Q

What do nodes represent on the phylogenetic tree?

A

Represents the common ancestors.

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30
Q

What does sister groups mean?

A

Two descendents that split from the same node (common ancestor).

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31
Q

what 2 things do sister groups have?

A

1)A lot of evolutionary history in common
2)A common ancestor that is unique to them

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32
Q

What is a clade?

A

A group that includes a single common ancestor and all it descendents.

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33
Q

How many species on earth? how many have been discovered? (From Article)

A

Approximately 11 million and 2 million discovered.

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34
Q

3 threats to biodiversity? Greatest threat to biodiversity? (From Article)

A

Climate change, over hunting, invasive species. deforestation is the greatest threat to biodiversity.

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35
Q

Why are rainforests important? (From Article)

A

Rainforests are important because they house more than half the worlds species.

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36
Q

What is a DNA barcode?

A

A DNA profile of every species in the form of a barcode.

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37
Q

What does domain mean?

A

The highest taxonomic rank of organisms.

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38
Q

How many domains of life are there?

A

There are three.

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39
Q

What are groupings based on?

A

Groupings are based on differences in genomes (DNA)

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40
Q

What is the bacteria domain?

A

Most diverse and widespread prokaryotes.

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41
Q

What is the archaea domain?

A

Prokaryotes that live in Earths extreme environments such as salty lakes, boiling hot springs.

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42
Q

What is the eukarya domain?

A

Eukaryotes grouped into kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia.

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43
Q

Archea is more closely related to _____ than _____.

A

Eukarya, Bacteria.

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44
Q

What is the most simple and oldest domain?

A

Bacteria.

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45
Q

What are the two cell types?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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46
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

No nucleus or membrane bound organelles, simple cells.

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47
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

Cells have nucleus and other membrane bound organelles, more complex cells.

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48
Q

What are the two modes of Nutrition?

A

Autotroph and Heterotroph.

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49
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that makes their own food using energy from the sun (ex. Plants).

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50
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

An organism that obtains food molecules by eating other organisms or by their products (ex.Humans).

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51
Q

What are the two means of reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction.

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52
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring.

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53
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that requires two parents and produces genetically distinct offspring.

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54
Q

What are the three characteristics of viruses?

A

1)Tiny, non-cellular particles, can only be seen with an electron microscope
2) Protein covered genetic material
3)invade living things

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55
Q

What are the two main parts of a virus?

A

1)Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA)
2)Protein coat (capsid)

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56
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that attacks bacteria.

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57
Q

Why are viruses considered non-living?

A

They cannot reproduce on their own (need host cell), grow in size, make their own food. They are NON-CELLULAR.

58
Q

What kingdom does viruses belong in?

A

Viruses do not belong in any of the kingdoms.

59
Q

What are the four general shapes of viruses? Examples?

A

1)Icosahedral (Adenovirus)
2)Icosahedral Head and Tail (bacteriophage)
3)Rod shaped Helical (Tobacco mosaic virus)
4)Spherical Enveloped (Influenza)

60
Q

What three organisms can viruses invade?

A

1)bacteria
2)plants
3)Animals

61
Q

Why are viruses important to ecosystems?

A

They control the populations of other organisms.

62
Q

What does epidemic mean?

A

A rapidly spreading out break of disease in a particular region.(ex. Ebola outbreak, Africa)

63
Q

What does pandemic mean?

A

When an epidemic spreads on a global scale.(ex. COVID-19)

64
Q

What are the 3 types of virus transmissions?

A

1)Airborne
2)Direct Contact
3)Via vectors

65
Q

How is Airborne spread?

A

Spread through the air in the form of droplets (talking, coughing, sneezing).

66
Q

How is direct contact spread?

A

The exchange of bodily fluids (Saliva, blood, sexual fluids)

67
Q

How are vectors spread?

A

Through a means of transportation (ex. Mosquito bite causing malaria)

68
Q

Where can viruses produce more viruses?

A

Viruses can only produce new viruses when inside a living cell.

69
Q

What does lysis mean?

A

The destruction or bursting open of a cell (as newly produced viruses exit).

70
Q

What is the name of the cycle that viruses that can cause cancer enter?

A

A lysogenic cycle.

71
Q

Does the lysogenic cycle destroy the host cell?

A

The lysognic cycle does not destroy the host cell.

72
Q

What does lysogeny mean?

A

The insertion of viral DNA into the DNA of a bacterial host.

73
Q

What are the 4 stages of the lytic cycle?

A

1)Virus attaches to host cell and injects DNA
2)Virus DNA circularizes and enter lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle
3)New virus DNA and proteins are synthesized and assembled into virions
4)Cell lyses, releasing virus virions

74
Q

What are the 5 stages of the lysogenic cycle?

A

1) same as lytic
2) same as lytic
3) Virus DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by recombination, becoming a prophage
4)Lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally
5) occasionally, the prophage may excise from the bacterial chromosome by another recombination event, initiating a lytic cycle

75
Q

What is an example of a virus that enters the dormant cycle?

A

Herpes virus- remains dormant in some body cells for the persons entire life until activated again and enters the lytic cycle

76
Q

What is a prophage?

A

A prophage is a bacteriophage genome that has inserted and integrated into the circular bacterial DNA.

77
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

A type of white blood cell that kills micro organisms, swallows and cleans up dead or harmful cells.

78
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Protein produced by the bodys immune system and helps them fight infection.

79
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Mixture that contains weakend forms or parts of a virus.

80
Q

What virus has been completely eradicated?

A

Small pox

81
Q

How effective was the HPV vaccine at preventing the spread of the human papilloma virus?

A

99% effective.

82
Q

Is it posible to develop an effective vaccine for influenza?

A

Influenza is constantly changing meaning it may not be effective the next year.

83
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A foreign substance that stimulates an immune response (Weakend or dead viruses,bacteria, or fungi).

84
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of eubacteria?

A

1)single-celled
2)prokaryotic
3)DNA-single chromosome
4)Asexual reproduction
5)smallest organism on Earth

85
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Small loop of DNA that usually contains a small number of genes (not present in all bacteria)

86
Q

What is a flagella?

A

Tail like structure to move used by eubacteria that live in aquatic environment.

87
Q

What is a pili?

A

A small hallow hair-like structure allows bacteria to attach to each other or to a surface.

88
Q

What is the point of a capsule?

A

Provides protection for eubacteria.

89
Q

Why are some bacteria important in ecosystems?

A

Some are producers, decomposers, and recyclers of nutrients.

90
Q

Bacteria have commercial uses, what are the 3 uses?

A

1)Producing foods (cheese, yogurt, and soy sauce)
2)producing antibiotics
3)Genetically modified to produce medical compounds such as insulin and human growth hormone

91
Q

What are the 3 bacterial names?

A

1)Coccus (plural. Cocci)
2)Bacillus (plural. Bacilli)
3)Spirillum (plural. Spirilla)

92
Q

What shape is Coccus

A

Spherical

93
Q

What shape is Bacillus?

A

Rod shaped

94
Q

What shape is Spirillum?

A

Spiral shaped

95
Q

What are the bacterial arrangements, prefix’s, and names?

A

1)pairs, diplo, diplococci
2)group of four, N/A, tetrad
3)chain, strepto, streptococci
4)cluster, staphylo, staphylococci
5)group of eight, N/A, sarcina

96
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Method of asexual reproduction in bacteria, main method of reproduction.

97
Q

What is the reasons for mutations in bacteria?

A

Bacteria reproduces very quickly so they mutate more often this will increase the genetic diversity.

98
Q

What is conjugation?

A

The transfer of genetic material between two bacteria cells

99
Q

What is transformation?

A

Process where a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment.

100
Q

What is it called when the DNA comes from another species?

A

The process is called horizontal gene transfer.

101
Q

What is an endospore?

A

A highly resistant structure that forms around the chromosome and can withstand extreme conditions (only some bacteria)

102
Q

Infectious bacteria are also called ______?

A

Pathogens

103
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Disease-causing agents.

104
Q

What does Antibiotics mean?

A

Medicines that destroy or slow the growth of bacteria.

105
Q

Can you treat viral infections with antibiotics?

A

No you cannot treat viral infections with antibiotics.

106
Q

What 4 ways can bacteria be transmitted?

A

1)Water
2)Air
3)Direct contact
4)Vectors

107
Q

Is the overuse of antibiotics effective?

A

No it is not effective.

108
Q

What can the overuse of antibiotics lead to?

A

Lead to the development of superbugs.

109
Q

What is a superbug?

A

Bacteria that resists most or all antibodies.

110
Q

What does chloroplast mean?

A

Found in photosynthetic (plants) eukaryotes that converts solar energy into sugar.

111
Q

What is a mitochondrion?

A

Extracts energy stored in sugars, power house of cell.

112
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of protista?

A

1)Eukaryotic organisms
2)Most are unicellular
3)Most are aquatic
4)Most are motile (can move), contain cilia or flagella
5)About 115 000 species, extremly diverse

113
Q

What are the 3 classifications of protista?

A

1)Animal-like
2)Fungus-like
3)Plant like

114
Q

What are Animal-like protista?

A

-Protozoans
-Heterotrophic
-Classified on how they move (cillia, flagella)

115
Q

What are Fungus-like protista?

A

-Heterotrophic
-Most are decomposers
-Absorptive (relese enzymes and break food down externally & absorbs the nutrients
-Live in cool damp habitats

116
Q

What are plant-like protista?

A

-Autotrophic
-Photosynthetic, contains chloroplasts and chlorophyll
-Live in aquatic environments (diverse size)

117
Q

What is a parasite?

A

Something that lives on or in other organisms.

118
Q

What causes Malaria?

A

Plasmodium causes it, it attacks liver cells and red blood cells.

119
Q

How many people per year does Malaria kill?

A

1-2 million people per year.

120
Q

What causes Dysentery?

A

Amoeba proteus causes it, it will lead to inflamation in the intestines and bloody diarrhea.

121
Q

What causes Giardiasis?

A

Giardia lambilia causes it, this can get in your body by drinking contaminated water, symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhea, and chronic inflamation of the gut.

122
Q

What causes African sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma brucei causes it, transmited through Testse flies, symptoms are feaver, chills, pain, anemia, lethargy and swelling of the brain, can lead to death if not treated.

123
Q

What is the hypothesis related to green algae and land plants?

A

That green algae is the closest evolutionary relatives of land plants.

124
Q

What is the 3 pieces of evidence?

A

1)Chlorophyll a and b - green pigment
2)Cellulose cell walls
3)Similar DNA sequence

125
Q

What are the three ways plants adapted to life on land?

A

1)Protection from drying out (waxy cuticle holding in moisture on leaves)
2)Transport system for water and nutrients and dissolved substances (xylem and phloem)
3)Support system

126
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of plantae?

A

1)Eukaryotic
2)Multi-cellular
3)Photosynthetic
4)Cell walls (cellulose)
5)Mostly land dwelling
6)Development from embryos (seeds)

127
Q

What are the 2 classifications for plantae?

A

1)Non-vascular
2)Vascular

128
Q

What is Non-vascular mean?

A

Lacks true root, stems, and leaves they do not have specialized tissues to transport materials.

129
Q

What is Vascular mean?

A

TYhey have specialized conducting tissues to transport materials (xylem, phloem)

130
Q

What is pollination?

A

Transfer of pollen from the another to the stigma.

131
Q

What is a pollen tube?

A

Produced when a pollen grain lands on the stigma; allows sperm to travel to egg.

132
Q

What is the endosperm?

A

The endosperm stores nutrients for the developing seed.

133
Q

What are the 4 biological roles of kingdom plantae?

A

1)Producers in the food chain
2)Produce oxygen during photosynthesis
3)A habitat for other organisms
4) provides humans with medicine, clothing, wood paper products

134
Q

What are the 4 characteristics for kingdom fungi?

A

1)Eukaryotic
2)Heterotrophic
3)Most of the fungus remains hidden, usually underground
4) Most are multicellular

135
Q

What are the 5 phylum of kingdom fungi?

A

1)Phylum Chrytriomycota
2)Phylum Zygomycota
3)Phylum Glomeromycota
4)Phylum Ascomycota
5)Phylum Basidiomycota

136
Q

What are the 3 classification of kingdom fungi?

A

1)Case-like
2)Sac-like
3)Club-like

137
Q

What is Mycellium?

A

Mesh-like, branching network of hyphae.

138
Q

What is hyphae?

A

Thin filament, forms an underground network called mycelium, and a reproductive structure above ground called a fruiting body.

139
Q

What is the cell wall of a fungi made of?

A

Chitin.

140
Q

What is a saprobes?

A

A decomposer absorbing nutrients from dead organic matter.

141
Q

What is mutual symbionts?

A

Both the parasite and host organism benefit from eachother.

Biology (5 decks)

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