Internal Systems Grade 11 Vocabulary Flashcards
relaxation stage of the cardiac cycle that allows blood to flow into the heart chambers
diastole
group of organs that work together to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment
respiratory system
liquid component of blood that contains salts, proteins, hormones, and dissolved nutrients and gases
plasma
region that receives food and also air inhaled through the mouth
oral cavity
a feather-like extension of the body surface that specializes in gas exchange in fish
gill
instrument that measures the vital capacity of the lungs
respirometer
low-pressure system that conveys blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary circuit
volume of air that passes into and out of the lungs in one breath
tidal volume
uptake of air into the lungs
inhalation or inspiration
structure at the top of the trachea that contains the vocal cords
larynx
inadequate oxygen transport throughout the body resulting from a decrease in blood hemoglobin or red blood cells
anemia
flat structure in gill filaments of a fish that increase the surface area for gas exchange
lamellae (singular: lamella)
small flap of connective tissue that moves between the esophagus and the trachea to separate the materials that pass to each
epiglottis
large vein that conveys deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart
superior vena cava
organ that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormone insulin (which helps sugar to enter cells); also releases bicarbonate ion to make the duodenum alkaline
pancreas
fragments of bone marrow cells that help blood clot
platelets
organ that mixes food with saliva and forms a bolus; begins the process of mechanical and chemical digestion
mouth
the largest artery in the body; accepts blood from the left ventricle during systole
aorta
amount of air that the lungs retain after maximal expiration
residual volume
breakdown of food particles by digestive fluids
chemical digestion
first section of the vertebrate small intestine, where food is mixed with bile and pancreatic enzymes
duodenum
skeletal structure that supports a fish gill
gill arch
volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after tidal exhalation
expiratory reserve volume
valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
group of organs that work together to perform a similar function
organ system
organ that absorbs some vitamins and also water from feces before elimination
large intestine
state of constancy in an organism’s internal environment despite changes in the external environment
homeostasis
transplantation of an animal organ into a human
xenotransplantation
muscles that surround the ribes and help expand the thoracic cavity during inspiration
intercostal muscles
finger-like extensions of the inner surface of the small intestine
villi (singular: villus)
organic molecule used as a major energy source for body functions; formed by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (with the ratio between hydrogen and oxygen approximately 2:1)
carbohydrate
measurement of ECG and blood pressure during physical activity to test for the presence of coronary artery disease
exercise stress test
specialized muscle in the right atrium that generates an electrical signal and maintains the heart’s pumping rhythm
sinoatrial node
paste that results after the stomach partially digests food
chyme
part of the respiratory system composed of rings of cartilage that help keep the airway open; filters air and traps particles in mucus before they can enter the bronchi
trachea
organ that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food, notably the breakdown of proteins in its acidic environment
stomach
muscle layer along the digestive tract that contracts to shorten the tract
longitudinal smooth muscle
blood cells that help to protect the body fro disease and infection
leucocytes (white blood cells)
takeover of a body function by an organ to make up for the inadequate functioning of another organ
compensation
large vein that conveys deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart
inferior vena cava
muscular tissue that separates the left and right sides of the heart
septum
valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium
bicuspid or mitial valve
muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity; moves downward during inspiration and relaxes during expiration
diaphragm
region above the diaphragm that contains the lungs and the heart
thoracic cavity
sites of gas exchange between air and blood; their thin membranes allow for efficient diffusion
alveoli
protein-based molecule that contains iron and binds oxygen in a red blood cell
hemoglobin
expulsion of air from the lungs
exhalation or expiration
open-ended muscular tube that forms a digestive tract between the mouth and anus of an organism
alimentary canal
artery that brings blood from the right ventricle to the lungs; the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood
external respiration
substance that an organism requires in minimal amounts
micronutrient
the chamber shared between the respiratory and digestive and tracts; conducts air to the larynx and food to the esophagus
pharynx
valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar valve
additional volume of air that the lungs take in during a deep breath
inspiratory reserve volume
organ that stores bile produced by the liver and releases it to the duodenum
gall bladder
muscle layer that encircles the digestive tract and contracts to constrict the tract
circular smooth muscle
organ that forms the foundation of the respiratory system in humans
lung
uptake of nutrients through the skin, mucous membrane, or cell membrane of an animal
absorption
uptake of food into the body
ingestion
valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium
tricuspid valve
moist mass of food in the mouth, partially digested by the teeth and salivary glands before swallowing
bolus
chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood
left atrium
persistently high blood pressure
hypertension
inorganic nutrient that an organism requires in small amounts
mineral
vein that brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium; the only vein that carries oxygenated blood
pulmonary vein
long, muscular tube that receives food from the pharynx and passes it to the stomach
esophagus
maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold
total lung capacity
instrument that measures blood pressure
sphygomomanometer
blood cells with hemoglobin that transports oxygen throughout the body
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down proteins
protease
the two main branches from the trachea, entering the lungs
bronchi (singular: bronchus)
delivery of oxygenated blood from the aorta to the heart tissue
coronary circulation
the smaller airways formed as main bronchi divide
bronchioles
the major site of absorption of nutrient molecules through specialized villi
small intestine
muscle that forms the heart wall
myocardium
strand-like molecule that joins with others to form a blood clot
fibrin
enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down lipids
lipase
chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation
left ventricle
layer of connective tissue that supports the vessels and nerves of the digestive tract
submucosa
organ that synthesizes bile (and also removes toxins from the blood and other metabolic functions)
liver
region of the respiratory tube lined with mucus and cilia that receives, moistens, and filters air inhaled through the nose
nasal cavity
graphic representation of the heart’s electrical activity
electrocardiogram (ECG)
flat bony plates that cover the gills of a fish
opercula (singular: operculum)
chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulatory system
right ventricle
high-pressure system that conveys blood from the heart to the rest of the blood
systemic circuit
opposed directional flow of water and blood through the gills of a fish, allowing efficient gas exchange
countercurrent flow
breakdown of a solid food mass into smaller components by muscular activity
mechanical digestion
coordinated muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
peristalsis
chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood
right atrium
the five muscular structures that pump blood through an earthworm
pseudohearts or aortic arches
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood in the capillaries and the cells in body tissue
internal respiration
extraction of a leg vein and its incorporation into the arterial system to redirect blood flow around a diseased heart artery
bypass surgery
connective tissue that separates the digestive tract from other abdominal organs
serosa
contraction stage of the cardiac cycle that expels blood from the heart chambers
systole
region beneath the diaphragm that contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs
abdominal cavity
lining of the intestine where absorption occurs
mucosa
maximum amount of air that the respiratory system can expel without impairing lung function
vital capacity
substance that an organism requires in relatively large amounts
macronutrient
organic nutrient required by an organism in small amounts and usually functions as a coenzyme
vitamin
decreased diameter and elasticity of blood vessels due to accumulation of fatty deposits in the lining
atherosclerosis
