Genetics Grade 11 Vocabulary Flashcards
sites on a tetrad where chromatids separate and reunite
chiasmata (singular: chiasma)
period of genetic information duplication before mitosis
S (synthesis) phase
possession of more than two sets of chromosomes
polyploidy
substance or agent that causes a mutation
mutagen
technique that uses sound waves to produce an image of the fetus in the uterus
ultrasound
specialized reproductive cell (e.g. egg or sperm) that unites with another of a different sex to produce a zygote through sexual reproduction
gamete
cells that produce sperm in the testes
spermatogonia (singular: spermatogonium)
mating of two individuals both heterozygous for a particular trait
monohybrid (cross)
removal and analysis of cells from a membrane that surrounds the fetus in the uterus
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
structure in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that carries genes, formed when chromatin condenses
chromosome
extraction of amniotic fluid from the uterus to diagnose genetic defects in the fetus
amniocentesis
thread-like structure made up of DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
chromatin
environmental agent that causes a congenital defect
teratogen
reversed order of attachment of a chromosome fragment to a homologous chromosome during crossing over
inversion
describes an organism bred to express a particular form of a trait
purebred
one of two genetically identical cells produced when a cell divides by mitosis
daughter cell
describes the independent segregation of genes for different traits when a gamete forms
law of independent assortment
describes an organism with two identical alleles of a certain gene
homozygous
the third phase of mitosis; paired chromatids separate
anaphase
interrupted range of expression of a trait controlled by only one gene pair
discontinuous distribution
blood test used in pregnant women to identify abnormal hormone levels seen in pregnancies with an increased chance of certain genetic defects
Maternal Serum Screening
representation of the transmission patterns of a heritable trait across generations of parents and offspring
pedigree
attachment of a chromosome fragment to a homolog that is already complete during crossing over
duplication
complete expression of two different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote
co-dominance
physical characteristics of an organism
phenotype
the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
fertilization
describes the separation of the members of an allele pair when a gamete forms
law of segregation
nucleic acid, encoded with instructions to produce proteins, that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
use of a gene product or manipulation of abnormal DNA to treat a genetic condition
gene (or genetic) therapy
human selection of certain individual organisms with desirable traits to breed and produce offspring with those traits
selective breeding
describes the production of two identical DNA molecules through replication, each molecule containing one of the two strands of the original molecule
semiconservative
genetically identical copy of an organism
clone
failure of chromosomes to separate or move apart during meiosis
nondisjunction
offspring of two F1 generation individuals in a study of inhertiance
F2 (second filial) generation
DNA molecule formed when a biologist splices and combines portions of DNA from two different sources
recombinant DNA
parent individuals that produce offspring in a study of inheritance
P generation
chromosome produced by the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during crossing-over
recombinant
membrane that forms in a dividing plant cell and develops into a cell wall that separates the daughter cells
cell plate
specific location of a gene on a chromosome
locus (plural: loci)
paired set of homologous chromosomes, each chromosome with two chromatids
tetrad