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Reach Biological Sciences > Genetics Grade 11 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Genetics Grade 11 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

sites on a tetrad where chromatids separate and reunite

A

chiasmata (singular: chiasma)

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2
Q

period of genetic information duplication before mitosis

A

S (synthesis) phase

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3
Q

possession of more than two sets of chromosomes

A

polyploidy

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4
Q

substance or agent that causes a mutation

A

mutagen

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5
Q

technique that uses sound waves to produce an image of the fetus in the uterus

A

ultrasound

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6
Q

specialized reproductive cell (e.g. egg or sperm) that unites with another of a different sex to produce a zygote through sexual reproduction

A

gamete

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7
Q

cells that produce sperm in the testes

A

spermatogonia (singular: spermatogonium)

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8
Q

mating of two individuals both heterozygous for a particular trait

A

monohybrid (cross)

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9
Q

removal and analysis of cells from a membrane that surrounds the fetus in the uterus

A

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

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10
Q

structure in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that carries genes, formed when chromatin condenses

A

chromosome

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11
Q

extraction of amniotic fluid from the uterus to diagnose genetic defects in the fetus

A

amniocentesis

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12
Q

thread-like structure made up of DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

chromatin

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13
Q

environmental agent that causes a congenital defect

A

teratogen

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14
Q

reversed order of attachment of a chromosome fragment to a homologous chromosome during crossing over

A

inversion

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15
Q

describes an organism bred to express a particular form of a trait

A

purebred

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16
Q

one of two genetically identical cells produced when a cell divides by mitosis

A

daughter cell

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17
Q

describes the independent segregation of genes for different traits when a gamete forms

A

law of independent assortment

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18
Q

describes an organism with two identical alleles of a certain gene

A

homozygous

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19
Q

the third phase of mitosis; paired chromatids separate

A

anaphase

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20
Q

interrupted range of expression of a trait controlled by only one gene pair

A

discontinuous distribution

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21
Q

blood test used in pregnant women to identify abnormal hormone levels seen in pregnancies with an increased chance of certain genetic defects

A

Maternal Serum Screening

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22
Q

representation of the transmission patterns of a heritable trait across generations of parents and offspring

A

pedigree

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23
Q

attachment of a chromosome fragment to a homolog that is already complete during crossing over

A

duplication

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24
Q

complete expression of two different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote

A

co-dominance

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25
Q

physical characteristics of an organism

A

phenotype

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26
Q

the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

A

fertilization

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27
Q

describes the separation of the members of an allele pair when a gamete forms

A

law of segregation

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28
Q

nucleic acid, encoded with instructions to produce proteins, that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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29
Q

use of a gene product or manipulation of abnormal DNA to treat a genetic condition

A

gene (or genetic) therapy

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30
Q

human selection of certain individual organisms with desirable traits to breed and produce offspring with those traits

A

selective breeding

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31
Q

describes the production of two identical DNA molecules through replication, each molecule containing one of the two strands of the original molecule

A

semiconservative

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32
Q

genetically identical copy of an organism

A

clone

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33
Q

failure of chromosomes to separate or move apart during meiosis

A

nondisjunction

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34
Q

offspring of two F1 generation individuals in a study of inhertiance

A

F2 (second filial) generation

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35
Q

DNA molecule formed when a biologist splices and combines portions of DNA from two different sources

A

recombinant DNA

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36
Q

parent individuals that produce offspring in a study of inheritance

A

P generation

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37
Q

chromosome produced by the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during crossing-over

A

recombinant

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38
Q

membrane that forms in a dividing plant cell and develops into a cell wall that separates the daughter cells

A

cell plate

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39
Q

specific location of a gene on a chromosome

A

locus (plural: loci)

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40
Q

paired set of homologous chromosomes, each chromosome with two chromatids

A

tetrad

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41
Q

attachment of a chromosome fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome during crossing over

A

translocation

42
Q

insertion of one piece of genetic material into another

A

gene splicing

43
Q

modification of a structure or function in an individual that allows the organism to adjust to a new environment or condition

A

adaptation

44
Q

one of a pair of chromosomes (one from the mother, one from the father) that each carry genes for the same trait at the same location on the chromosome

A

homologous chromosome (homolog)

45
Q

international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint

A

Human Genome Project

46
Q

possession of an extra copy of a particular chromosome

47
Q

genes on the same chromosome that fail to sort independently of one another and are inherited together

A

linkage group

48
Q

range of expression of a multifactorial trait

A

continuous distribution

49
Q

segment of DNA that carries the code for a specific protein

50
Q

a diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment

A

Punnett square

51
Q

mutation present at birth

A

congenital defect

52
Q

centriole surrounded by tiny protein fibres during mitosis

53
Q

representation of the location and order of genes on a chromosome

54
Q

division of a cell’s cytoplasm into two distinct cells

A

cytokinesis

55
Q

when there are more than two possible alleles for a given gene

A

multiple allelism

56
Q

production of a new organism by a single parent without the participation of eggs and sperm

A

asexual reproduction

57
Q

incomplete expression of two different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote (results in intermediate expression)

A

incomplete dominance

58
Q

first phase of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses and duplicated chromosomes become visible (and the mitotic spindle forms)

59
Q

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

A

interphase

60
Q

describes an organism with two different alleles for a certain gene

A

heterozygous

61
Q

bacterial enzyme that cuts up foreign DNA; used in genetic engineering to create recombinant DNA

A

restriction enzyme

62
Q

human genetic disease caused by the failure of blood to form clots

A

hemophilia

63
Q

describes the form of a trait that is only expressed in the homozygous condition

64
Q

number of chromosome in a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes (present in gametes)

A

haploid number (n)

65
Q

chromosome not involved in determining the sex of an organism

66
Q

period of cell growth before mitosis

A

G1 (first gap) phase

67
Q

an individual who is heterozygous for two traits (e.g. AaBb)

A

dihybrid (cross)

68
Q

expression of one allele of a gene over the other

69
Q

in cell division, division of a nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei; divided into five stages

70
Q

condition that results from the possession of an extra copy of chromosome 21 (also called trisomy 21)

A

Down syndrome

71
Q

possession of only one of a homologous pair of chromosomes in an otherwise diploid cell

72
Q

number of chromosomes in a body cell of an organism

A

diploid number (2n)

73
Q

union point of two chromatids that join to form a chromosome pair

A

centromere

74
Q

transmission of hereditary information from a parent cell to the daughter cells in mitosis or from generation to generation in sexual reproduction

A

genetic continuity

75
Q

the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types

A

sexual reproduction

76
Q

cell dividion process that involves two divisions with only one duplication of chromosomes (results in haploid gametes)

77
Q

all the alleles of a specific trait in a population

78
Q

genetic make up of an organism

79
Q

describes a trait whose expression is controlled by genes found at many loci (expression of this trait may also be influenced by other contributing factors)

A

multifactorial

80
Q

chromosome that lacks genetic information due to the failure of a chromosome fragment to attach to its homologous chromosome during crossing over

81
Q

cells that produce eggs in the ovary

A

oogonia (singular: oogonium)

82
Q

fourth phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope reforms, the chromosomes uncoil, and the nucleoii reappear

83
Q

change in the expression of many genes caused by a defect in one gene

A

pleiotropy

84
Q

one form of a gene for a specific trait

85
Q

transmital of genes on the same chromosome that fail to sort independently of one another and are inherited together

A

gene linkage

86
Q

small ring of DNA in a bacterium (often used in genetic recombination)

87
Q

pairing of duplicated homologous chromosomes during meiosis (crossing over may occur at this stage)

88
Q

duplication of DNA before mitosis or meiosis

A

replication

89
Q

exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during meiosis

A

genetic recombination or crossing over

90
Q

the science of heredity

91
Q

period of cell preparation for division before mitosis

A

G2 (second gap) phase

92
Q

offspring of two P generation individuals in a study of inheritance

A

F1 (first filial) generation

93
Q

second phase of mitosis; chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell

94
Q

allele that is expressed in a heterozygous individual

95
Q

possession of an abnormal number of chromosomes

A

aneuploidy

96
Q

first division of meiosis, resulting in the reduction by half of the number of chromosomes in a cell

A

reduction division

97
Q

union of gametes that is the first cell of a new organism

98
Q

each of the two identical chromosome strands in a replicated chromosome attached by their shared centromere

99
Q

number and form of chromosomes in a cell

100
Q

describes the production of a DNA molecule without the inclusion of strands from the original molecule

A

conservative

Reach Biological Sciences (9 decks)

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