Internal Medicine

Question 1

When to choose dialysis Vs blood transfusion in kidney injury

Answer 1

When Hb<70g/L - prioritize blood transfusion

When potassium >6mmol/L - prioritize dialysis

Question 2

When to give calcium gluconate vs vitamin d for hypocalcemia

Answer 2

NE 4661

Question 3

Benzodiazepines (chlordiazepoxide Vs Lorazepam) Vs Disulfiram Vs Acamprosate for Alcohol - Withdrawal Vs deterrent vs cravings reduction

Answer 3

CT 1438
CY 3143

Question 4

Asthma symptoms aggravated by these drugs

Answer 4

NSAIDs
Aspirin
Beta-blockers

Question 5

Why is ACE-I not preferred in Afro-Caribbean?

Answer 5

Afro-Caribbean people have low Renin. So ACE-I less effective on them.

RAAS - Renin converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I. ACE-I converts Angiotension I to Angiotensin II.

Ang II binds to AT1 and AT2 receptors, with AT1 being the primary receptor.

The angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor

The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor

What is the relationship between angiotensin II and aldosterone?
Angiotensin II acts via receptors in the adrenal glands to stimulate the secretion of aldosterone, which stimulates salt and water reabsorption by the kidneys, and the constriction of small arteries (arterioles), which causes an increase in blood pressure.

What effect does ACE have on aldosterone?

In the setting of chronic heart failure (CHF), therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors generally reduces serum aldosterone levels acutely.w