Internal Factors.

Question 1

what is labelling?

Answer 1

it is to attach a meaning or definition.

Question 2

what do studies show about labels?

Answer 2

labels are based on stereotyped assumptions. w/c have negative labels and m/c have positive labels.

Question 3

what does Dunne and Gazeley say about labelling in secondary schools?

Answer 3

teachers ‘normalise’ the underachievement of w/c pupils. emphasis the role of the pupils’ home background. they underestimate the potential for them and enter them for easier exams.

Question 4

what does Rist say about labelling primary schools?

Answer 4

teachers’ used information about their background and appearance to separate students. w/c students are given lower-levels books to read.

Question 5

what is self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 5

it is a prediction that comes true as it has been made.

Question 6

what does Rosenthal and Jacobson say about self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 6

if teachers believe that a pupil is a certain type then they will make that pupil that certain type.

Question 7

what is the interactionist principle about self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 7

what people believe to be true will have real effects even if the belief was not true originally.

Question 8

what is streaming?

Answer 8

separating children into different ability groups (streams).

Question 9

what does Douglas say about streaming?

Answer 9

children places in a lower stream at age 8 had suffered a decline in IQ by age 11 and for high stream students it has improved by that time.

Question 10

what is more likely to happen when children are streamed?

Answer 10

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 11

what is the A-C economy?

Answer 11

it is when the schools only focus on pupils who are more likely to achieve 5 GCSEs.

Question 12

what did Youdell say about streaming?

Answer 12

the Educational Triage: the A-C economy produces the educational triage.

1) those who will pass anyway.
2) those with potential but need a little help..
3) hopeless cases-doomed to fail.

Question 13

why do they need to gain good league table position?

Answer 13

the need to gain a good league table position drives the educational triage (marketisation of education).

Question 14

what is a pupil subculture?

Answer 14

it is a group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns.

Question 15

what does Lacey argue?

Answer 15

differentiation and polarisation to explain how pupil subcultures develop.

Question 16

what is differentiation?

Answer 16

it is the process of teachers categorising pupils’ according to how they perceive their ability, attitudes and/or behaviours.

Question 17

what is polarisation?

Answer 17

it is the process in which pupils’ respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite ‘poles’ or extremes.

Question 18

what did Lacey find out about streaming polarised boys?

Answer 18

they are two types:

• the pro-school subculture.
• the anti-school subculture.

Question 19

what is the pro-school subculture?

Answer 19

pupils in high streams (mainly m/c) tend to stay committed to values of the school. Gain their status in approved manner, through academic success. these tend to form a pro-school subculture.

Question 20

what is the anti-school subculture?

Answer 20

pupils in low streams (mainly w/c) suffer a loss of self-esteem. the school undermined the self-worth by placing them in a position of inferior status. labels of failure pushes them to find other ways of gaining status. this mean they form an anti-school subculture. could solve the problem of lack of status.

Question 21

what can joining an anti-school subculture likely to become?

Answer 21

it is likely to become a self-fulfilling prophecy of educational failure.

Question 22

what does Stephen Ball say about abolishing streaming?

Answer 22

study of Beachside- school abolished banding, basis for pupils to polarise into subcultures was removed and influence of anti-school declined.

Question 23

what continued after pupil polarisation disappeared?

Answer 23

differentiation- teachers continued to categorise pupils differently and were more likely to label m/c as cooperative and able.

Question 24

what did the positive labelling reflect?

Answer 24

better exam results- self fulfilling prophecy had happened.

Question 25

what has happened since Ball’s study and the Educational Reform Act 1988?

Answer 25

a trend towards more streaming and a variety of types of schools. this has created new opportunities for school and teachers to differentiate between pupils on the basis of their class, ethnicity and gender.

Question 26

what does Peter Woods argue about responses to labelling and streaming?

Answer 26

• ingratiation- being the teachers’ pet.
• ritualism- going through the motions, staying out of trouble.
• retreatism- daydreaming and mucking about.
• rebellion- rejection of everything the school stands for.

Question 27

what does John Furlong argue?

Answer 27

many pupils are not committed permanently to any 1 response, can move between the different types of response, acting differently in lessons with different teachers.

Question 28

what are the criticisms of the labelling theory?

Answer 28

• been accused of determinism, assuming pupils who have been labelled have no choice but to fulfil their prophecy and will fail.
• however Mary Fuller proves that wrong.
• marxists—> ignoring the view of wider structures of power within which labelling takes place- tends to blame teachers but fails to explain why. stem from the fact the teachers work in a system that reproduce class divisions.

Question 29

what theorists focuses on interactions between w/c pupils’ identities and school and how this produces underachievement??

Answer 29

Louise Archer et al.

Question 30

what does habitus refer to?

Answer 30

dispositions or learned, taken for granted ways of thinking, being and acting that are shared by a particular class. this includes: tastes, preferences about lifestyle and consumption, outlook on life and expectations of what is normal and realistic for ‘people like us’.

Question 31

what does the m/c have the power to define?

Answer 31

it’s habitus as a superior and to impose it on educational system so the schools put high value on m/c tastes.

Question 32

what is symbolic capital?

Answer 32

getting the status at school and recognition because the m/c is deemed to has more worth whilst the w/c habitus is worthless.

Question 33

what is symbolic violence?

Answer 33

w/c pupils don’t experience the world like the m/c do. the withholding of symbolic capital.

Question 34

what is said about Nike identities?

Answer 34

• symbolic violence lead the w/c to find other ways to bring themselves up to standard.
• the ‘right’ look earns symbolic capital and not conforming is ‘social suicide’.
• these styles are labelled as ‘rebels’ by the schools.
• it is linked to the rejection of higher education for w/c pupils.
• unrealistic- not affordable and not for people like us.
• undesirable- can not maintain this style, does not suit.

Question 35

what does Archer et al say about identities?

Answer 35

w/c pupils get a message that education is not for them and then reject it- as it does not fit in with their identity or way of life.

Question 36

what does Ingram say about w/c identities and educational success?

Answer 36

• Ingram had found that having a w/c identity was inseparable from belonging to a w/c locality.
• pupils had to leave their w/c identity if they want to succeed.

Question 37

what does Reay et al say about class identity and self-exclusion?

Answer 37

• self-exclusion from the high/long distant uni- limits them from success.
• w/c forced to either leave their w/c identity and conform to m/c habit of education or to keep their w/c identity.