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Sociology > External Factors. > Flashcards

External Factors. Flashcards

1
Q

what does culture mean?

A

norms, values, beliefs, skills and knowledge a society regards as important.

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2
Q

what is culture passed on through?

A

-socialisation.
-different classes socialise their children differently.
this may affect their achievement.

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3
Q

what do cultural deprivation theorists think?

A

some w/c parents fail to transmit the ‘right’ culture needed for success.

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4
Q

what are w/c parents less likely to give to their children?

A

w/c parents are less likely to give their children educational toys and activities that will stimulate their thinking+reasoning skills. this affects their intellectual development.

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5
Q

3 features that CDT see as responsible for w/c under-achievement….

A
  • language.
  • parents’ education.
  • w/c subculture.
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6
Q

what does Basil Bernstein say about language?

A

he talks about the difference between elaborated and restricted speech codes.

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7
Q

what is an elaborated code?

A

-wide vocab.
-abstract ideas.
-context- free.
-complex sentences.
used by m/c.
this is used in education which gives an education to m/c.

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8
Q

what is a restricted code?

A

-limited vocab.
-gestures.
-context- bound.
-unfinished sentences.
used by w/c.

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9
Q

what does Feinstein argue about parents’ own education?

A

m/c parents tend to have a better education then w/c parents which put the children at an advantage.

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10
Q

what are the 4 features that link in within parents’ own education?

A
  • parenting style.
  • parents’ educational behaviours.
  • language.
  • use of income.
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11
Q

what is parenting style?

A

educated parents concentrate on teaching their children consistent discipline and they have high expectations. they also can do active learning and exploration with their children. less educated parents are less ‘inconsistent’ and the children have poorer motivation and problems interacting with teachers.

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12
Q

why do parents’ educational behaviours affect underachievement?

A

educated parents are more aware on how to help to progress - have good relationship with teachers and value in educational visit.

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13
Q

why is language an essential part of education?

A

the way parents communicate with their children affects their cognitive development.

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14
Q

why is using income effectively affect achievement?

A

educated parents spend their income to promote children’s development.

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15
Q

what are the 4 features that CDT Barry Sugarman identify as w/subculture that acts like a barrier to achievement?

A
  • fatalism.
  • collectivism.
  • immediate gratification.
  • present-time orientation.
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16
Q

what is fatalism?

A

a belief that it is what it is, w/c children don’t believe that they can improve their position through individual efforts.

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17
Q

what is collectivism?

A

valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual.

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18
Q

what is immediate gratification?

A

seeking pleasure now instead of making sacrifices to get them in the future.

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19
Q

what is present-time orientation?

A

seeing the present as more important than the future so not having long term goals.

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20
Q

what is material deprivation?

A

it refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities (e.g: adequate housing and income).

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21
Q

why is poverty closely linked to educational underachievement?

A
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22
Q

what’s the link between poverty and social class?

A

w/c families are more likely to have low incomes or adequate housing. this affects children’s educational.

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23
Q

what material factors affect achievement?

A
  • housing.
  • diet and health.
  • financial support and costs of education.
  • fear of debt.
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24
Q

what’s a direct effect of poor housing?

A

overcrowding

  • less room for educational activities.
  • disturbed sleep.
25
Q

what are the indirect effects on poor housing?

A
  • children in crowded homes have a great risk of accidents.
  • cold/damp houses can cause illness.
  • living in temporary accommodation suffer more psychological distress.

= more absences from school.

26
Q

what does Marilyn Howard say about diet and health?

A

young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals.

27
Q

how does poor nutrition affect health?

A

it affects health- weakening the immune system and lowers children’s energy levels.

= more absences due to illness and difficulties concentrating in class.

28
Q

what does Richard Wilkinson say?

A

10 year olds- the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders- less negative effect on education.

29
Q

what is a pupil subculture?

A

a group of pupils who share the same values and behaviour patterns.

30
Q

what case study can be used for pupil subculture?

A

Colin Lacey’s concepts of differentiation and polarisation to explain how they develop.

31
Q

what is differentiation?

A

it is a process of teachers categorising pupils according to how they see their ability, attitude and/or behaviour.

32
Q

what is streaming?

A

splitting pupils into groups based on their ability - this is a form of differentiation.

33
Q

what is polarisation?

A

it is a process of a student responding to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite ‘poles’.

34
Q

what did Colin Lacey find in his study?

A

it was a study of Hightown boys’ grammer school- he found streaming polarised boys into a pro/anti-school subculture.

35
Q

what does Jo Blanden and Stephen Machin find about the children from low income families?

A

children from low income families were more likely to engage in ‘‘externalising’ behaviour (e.g: fighting and temper tantrums) which is likely to disrupt their schooling.

36
Q

what does lack of financial support mean?

A

means that children from poor families have to do without equipment and miss out on experiences that would enhance their educational achievement.

37
Q

what does David Bull say about?

A

he thinks of the costs of education as ‘the costs of free schooling’.

38
Q

what does Emily Tanner find out?

A

she found out that the cost of items such as transport, uniforms, books, computers, calculators and sports, music and art equipment, places a heavy burden on poor families.

39
Q

what is the result of not having financial support?

A

poor children may have to have second hand and cheaper clothes. there can be result of being isolated, stigmatised or bullied by peers.

40
Q

what does Flaherty say?

A

fear of stigmatisation may help to explain why 20% of those eligible for free school meals do not take up their entitlement.

41
Q

what does Teresa Smith and Michael Noble say?

A

poverty prevents them from learning in other ways, (e.g: not being able to afford private schooling or tuition and poorer quality local schools).

42
Q

what does lack of funds mean?

A

children from low-income families sometimes do need to work.

43
Q

what did Ridge find out?

A

children in poverty take on jobs such as baby sitting, cleaning, and paper rounds- can have a negative effect on schoolwork.

44
Q

why does going to uni deter w/c student?

A

it involves getting into debt- cost of tuition fees, books and living expenses.

45
Q

what did Callander and Jackson find?

A

they found w/c students are more debt averse.

46
Q

what does debt averse mean?

A

look at debt negatively- something to avoid.

47
Q

what does Reay say about w/c students and fear of debt?

A

they are more likely to apply for local uni so they save living/travel expenses. less likely to go to high status uni.

48
Q

what are the drop out rates like for universities?

A

drop out rates are high for universities- large proportion are w/c.

49
Q

material deprivation can only be a part of an explanation why?

A

some w/c children do succeed in education.

50
Q

what three main values play a part in creating and sustaining the child’s motivation?

A
  • cultural.
  • religious.
  • political.
51
Q

what does Mortimer and Whitby argue?

A

material inequalities have the greatest effect on achievement.

52
Q

what does Bourdieu say about cultural capital?

A
  • cultural and material factors are interrelated.
  • m/c hold more economic, educational and cultural capital.
  • m/c children have more ‘capital ‘, more likely to develop intellectual interests and understand how to succeed in education.
53
Q

what is the cultural capital of m/c?

A
  • knowledge.
  • attitudes.
  • values.
  • language.
  • tastes.
  • abilities.
54
Q

how is the education system not neutral?

A

it favours m/c culture.

55
Q

what happens to w/c children at school?

A
  • less cultural capital.
  • fail exams.
  • they see that education isn’t for them.
  • trains or don’t try.
56
Q

what does Bourdieu say about educational and economic capital?

A

education, economic and cultural capital can be converted into one another. (m/c parents convert economic capital into educational capital by sending children to private schools and paying for extra tuition).

57
Q

what does Leech and Campos say about educational and economic capital?

A

‘selection by mortgage’ - costs of houses rise near successful school and this excludes w/c families.

58
Q

what does Sullivan think about the test of Bourdieu’s ideas?

A

people who read complex fiction, watch documentaries developed greater cultural knowledge (capital) were children of graduates and more likely to be successful at GCSE.

Sociology (6 decks)

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