Internal class factors

Question 1

What internal factors affect class achievement?

Answer 1

Labelling
Self-fufilling prophecy
Streaming
Subculture
Identity

Question 2

How does labelling affect achievement?

Answer 2

Gillborn and Youdell: Middle class children labelled as entering higher teir exams so working class denied the opportunity to prove themselves
Working class children further from the ideal

Question 3

What did Dunne and Gazeley find about labelling in secondary schools?

Answer 3

Teachers normalised working class underacheivement and put more time into helping underachieving middle classs students
Middle class parents are labelled as more supportive

Question 4

How do we evaluate the labelling explanation of class differences?

Answer 4

Too deterministic
Fuller: Black girls resisted their label
Marxists: It ignores wider structures of power

Question 5

How does Fuller critisize labelling?

Answer 5

Black girls in her study rejected negative labells which shows the theory is too deterministic

Question 6

What is a self-fufilling prophecy?

Answer 6

When labells influance the outcome

Question 7

What was Rosenthal’s study into self-fufilling prophecies?

Answer 7

Told teachers that some of their students were late bloomers
The teachers treated those students differently and they improved as a result
Shows teacher expectations impact on performance

Question 8

Which sociologist did a study into self-fufilling prophecies?

Answer 8

Rosenthall

Question 9

Which sociologists commented on labelling?

Answer 9

Gillborn and Youdell

Dunne and Gazeley

Question 10

How does streaming affect attainment?

Answer 10

Becker: Working class children are rarely seen as the ideal and placed in lower streams where it's difficult to progress
Self-fufilling prophecy

Question 11

What does Becker argue about streaming?

Answer 11

Working class children are rarely seen as the ideal so they are placed in lower streams which creates a self-fufilling prophecy

Question 12

What does Campbell argue about streaming?

Answer 12

It benifits middle class children but not the working class

Question 13

What do Gillborn and Youdell argue about streaming?

Answer 13

Teachers use stereotypes to stream pupils and enter black and working class children into lower exams

Question 14

How do Gillborn and Youdell link streaming to the A-C econemy?

Answer 14

Middle class children are desirable as they acheive better but working class children hinder progression up the legue table. Schools focus on students who have the potential to suceed.

Question 15

Who came up with the educational triage?

Answer 15

Gillborn and Youdell

Question 16

What is the educational triage?

Answer 16

Students are put in one of three groups
Those who will pass
Those who can pass with help
Those who will fail
It creates a self-fufilling prophecy

Question 17

What points does Lacey make about subcultures?

Answer 17

Differentiation and polarisation

Antischool subculture

Question 18

Who came up with differentiation and polarisation?

Answer 18

Lacey

Question 19

What is differentiation?

Answer 19

How teachers sort children based on their percieved ability

Question 20

What is polarisation?

Answer 20

Students move to opposite poles such as proschool and antischool

Question 21

What does Lacey say about the antischool subculture?

Answer 21

They have low self-esteem as school has undermined their self worth. They then find other ways of gaining status which creates a self-fufilling prophecy

Question 22

Who studied a school that had abolished streaming?

Answer 22

Ball

Question 23

What did Ball find in a school with no streaming?

Answer 23

Anti-school subcultures declined but differentiation continued and middle class children were favoured so did better in exams

Question 24

What did Woods argue about pupil responses?

Answer 24

There are more responses than just proschool and antischool
Ingratiation: When students become the teachers pet
Ritualisation: Complying with rules
Retreatism: Daydreaming
Rebellion: Rejection of school completely

Question 25

What pupil responses did Woods identify?

Answer 25

Ingratiation: When students become the teachers pet
Ritualisation: Complying with rules
Retreatism: Daydreaming
Rebellion: Rejection of school completely

Question 26

What did Furlong argue about pupil responses?

Answer 26

Students move between different responses depending on what teachers they like and dislike

Question 27

What is habitus?

Answer 27

Learned behaviours shared by a social class

Question 28

Which habitus is favoured in education?

Answer 28

The middle class have the power to define their habitus as better

Question 29

How are class identities linked to symbolic capital?

Answer 29

Bourdieu: Middle class children have symbolic capital but working class children are devalued with symbolic violence

Question 30

What is symbolic violence?

Answer 30

Where symbolic capital is taken away as they don’t fit the ideal

Question 31

What does Archer argue about working and middle class habitus?

Answer 31

There is a clash so working class children feel like education is alien as it's so far outside their own habitus.
They feel that in order to be sucessful, they have to change

Question 32

Why do students adopt Nike identities?

Answer 32

Alternative ways of gaining status