Internal class factors Flashcards
What internal factors affect class achievement?
Labelling Self-fufilling prophecy Streaming Subculture Identity
How does labelling affect achievement?
Gillborn and Youdell: Middle class children labelled as entering higher teir exams so working class denied the opportunity to prove themselves Working class children further from the ideal
What did Dunne and Gazeley find about labelling in secondary schools?
Teachers normalised working class underacheivement and put more time into helping underachieving middle classs students Middle class parents are labelled as more supportive
How do we evaluate the labelling explanation of class differences?
Too deterministic
Fuller: Black girls resisted their label
Marxists: It ignores wider structures of power
How does Fuller critisize labelling?
Black girls in her study rejected negative labells which shows the theory is too deterministic
What is a self-fufilling prophecy?
When labells influance the outcome
What was Rosenthal’s study into self-fufilling prophecies?
Told teachers that some of their students were late bloomers
The teachers treated those students differently and they improved as a result
Shows teacher expectations impact on performance
Which sociologist did a study into self-fufilling prophecies?
Rosenthall
Which sociologists commented on labelling?
Gillborn and Youdell
Dunne and Gazeley
How does streaming affect attainment?
Becker: Working class children are rarely seen as the ideal and placed in lower streams where it's difficult to progress Self-fufilling prophecy
What does Becker argue about streaming?
Working class children are rarely seen as the ideal so they are placed in lower streams which creates a self-fufilling prophecy
What does Campbell argue about streaming?
It benifits middle class children but not the working class
What do Gillborn and Youdell argue about streaming?
Teachers use stereotypes to stream pupils and enter black and working class children into lower exams
How do Gillborn and Youdell link streaming to the A-C econemy?
Middle class children are desirable as they acheive better but working class children hinder progression up the legue table. Schools focus on students who have the potential to suceed.
Who came up with the educational triage?
Gillborn and Youdell
What is the educational triage?
Students are put in one of three groups Those who will pass Those who can pass with help Those who will fail It creates a self-fufilling prophecy
What points does Lacey make about subcultures?
Differentiation and polarisation
Antischool subculture
Who came up with differentiation and polarisation?
Lacey
What is differentiation?
How teachers sort children based on their percieved ability
What is polarisation?
Students move to opposite poles such as proschool and antischool
What does Lacey say about the antischool subculture?
They have low self-esteem as school has undermined their self worth. They then find other ways of gaining status which creates a self-fufilling prophecy
Who studied a school that had abolished streaming?
Ball
What did Ball find in a school with no streaming?
Anti-school subcultures declined but differentiation continued and middle class children were favoured so did better in exams
What did Woods argue about pupil responses?
There are more responses than just proschool and antischool
Ingratiation: When students become the teachers pet
Ritualisation: Complying with rules
Retreatism: Daydreaming
Rebellion: Rejection of school completely
What pupil responses did Woods identify?
Ingratiation: When students become the teachers pet
Ritualisation: Complying with rules
Retreatism: Daydreaming
Rebellion: Rejection of school completely
What did Furlong argue about pupil responses?
Students move between different responses depending on what teachers they like and dislike
What is habitus?
Learned behaviours shared by a social class
Which habitus is favoured in education?
The middle class have the power to define their habitus as better
How are class identities linked to symbolic capital?
Bourdieu: Middle class children have symbolic capital but working class children are devalued with symbolic violence
What is symbolic violence?
Where symbolic capital is taken away as they don’t fit the ideal
What does Archer argue about working and middle class habitus?
There is a clash so working class children feel like education is alien as it's so far outside their own habitus. They feel that in order to be sucessful, they have to change
Why do students adopt Nike identities?
Alternative ways of gaining status
