External class factors

Question 1

What external factors impact on class and education?

Answer 1

Cultural deprivation
Material deprivation
Cultural capital

Question 2

What are the main aspects of cultural deprivation?

Answer 2

Language
Parent’s education
Working class subculture

Question 3

How does language contribute to cultural deprivation?

Answer 3

Hubbs-Tait: Educated parents were likely to get their children to use challenging language and evaluate their own abilities but working class parents use language that requires children to make small, descriptive comments
Bernstein: Restricted and elaborated code

Question 4

Who came up with restricted and elaborated code?

Answer 4

Bernstein

Question 5

What is Bernstein’s restricted code?

Answer 5

Used by the working class using simple, context-bound sentences

Question 6

What is Bernstein’s elaborated code?

Answer 6

Used by the middle class using complex sentences

Question 7

Why are those that use the elaborated code at an advantage?

Answer 7

The elaborated code is used by teachers and school so middle class children are already fluent but it’s something that must be learnt by the working class

Question 8

How does parental education contribute to cultural deprivation?

Answer 8

Douglas: The working class place less importance on education so give less encouragement
Feinstein: Middle class children have an advantage due to parenting style, use of income and educational behaviour

Question 9

In what ways are middle class children at an advantage according to Feinstein? (Parent’s education and cultural deprivation)

Answer 9

Parenting style: Middle class parents have consistant dicipline and encourage active learning but working class children 'do as they're told' so are less motivated
Parent's educational behaviour: They know how to assist their child and can establish good relationships with teachers
Use of income: Bernstein and Young found middle class mothers bought educational toys

Question 10

How does parenting style offer an advantage to middle class children according to Feinstein?

Answer 10

Middle class parents have consistant dicipline and encourage active learning but working class children ‘do as they’re told’ so are less motivated

Question 11

How does parent’s educational behaviour offer an advantage to middle class children according to Feinstein?

Answer 11

They know how to assist their child and can establish good relationships with teachers

Question 12

How doesuse of income offer an advantage to middle class children according to Feinstein?

Answer 12

Bernstein and Young found middle class mothers bought educational toys

Question 13

Which sociologist looked into how the working class subculture prevents children from acheiving?

Answer 13

Sugarman

Question 14

What are the parts of the working class subculture that prevent children from achieving according to Sugarman?

Answer 14

Fatalism: There’s nothing you can do to change your status
Collectivism: Being part of a group is more important than suceeding
Immediate gratification: Less likely to make sacrifices to get future rewards
Present time orientation: Lack of long term goals

Question 15

What points can be made about material deprivation?

Answer 15

Housing
Diet and health
Financial support
Fear of debt

Question 16

How is housing affected by material deprivation?

Answer 16

Overcrowding means less room for educational activities and distractions which affect studying.
Lack of safe space for children to explore
Sharing a room can lead to disturbed sleep

Question 17

How is diet and health affected by material deprivation?

Answer 17

Howard: Poor children get poor nutrition which affects the immune system and means they get more sick days and means they have less energy to concentrate
Wilkinson: Poor 10 year olds have higher rates of anxiety and hyperactivity

Question 18

How is financial support affected by material deprivation?

Answer 18

Tanner: Many poor children have second hand items which leads to bullying
Smith and Noble: Poor children can’t afford private education or tutors. They are more likely to take on part-time work

Question 19

How is fear of debt affected by material deprivation?

Answer 19

Working class people are more likely to see debt negatively
Students with a negatvie attitude were 5 times less likely to apply than others
Callender and Jackson: Debt was important in deciding what university to apply for.
Students are more likely to apply locally so they can live at home

Question 20

Who came up with the idea of cultural capital?

Answer 20

Bourdieu

Question 21

What is cultural capital?

Answer 21

The attitudes, values and language of the middle class. Middle class children have an advantage in schools

Question 22

How can cultural capital be converted into educational capital?

Answer 22

Middle class children have an advantage as they are better able to express abstract ideas which means that they are more likely to gain qualifications