Internal business environment - management theory part 2 (relations)

Question 1

Maslow - background

Answer 1

• hierarchy of five innate needs
• American psychologist, 20th century
• management methods must be appropriate to the level on which workers are currently operating

Question 2

Maslow - innate needs

Answer 2

• psychological, absolute basic, food, water, sunlight
• safety, essential, shelter, security, etc.
• social/love - relationships, affection, social stimulus, love
• esteem, achievement, prestige and recognition
• self-actualisation, development of capability to the fullest potential

Question 3

Herzberg - background

Answer 3

• job enrichment and motivator hygiene
• American psychologist, 20th century
• believed employees responded to responsibility and recognition

Question 4

Hertzberg - motivators (job satisfaction)

Answer 4

• recognition
• achievement
• target setting
• responsibility
• promotion opportunities
• challenging work

Question 5

Hertzberg - hygiene (prevents dissatisfaction)

Answer 5

• company policy
• supervision
• interpersonal relationships
• fair payment
• working conditions
• working machinery

Question 6

Mayo (human relations) - background

Answer 6

• in 1920s he conducted ‘Hawthorne Factory’
• Austrian psychologist, early 20th century
• advocate of Taylorism
• wanted to disprove that money was the sole motivator

Question 7

McGregor (human relations) - theory X

Answer 7

• assumes lazy, lack ambition and shy from responsibility
• solely financially motivated
• managers need to lead and control - high level of supervision
• often used with hierarchal structure with narrow span of control
• emphasis on incentivising, threatening, coercing, disciplinary

Question 8

McGregor (human relations) - theory Y

Answer 8

• assumes workers enjoy duties - self-motivated and show self-control
• provide environment to achieve personal objectives while striving for organisational objectives
• encourages teams and interdisciplinary groups
• encourages self-management and upward communication

Question 9

Mayo (human relations) - Hawthorne conclusions

Answer 9

• workers needs = output
• employees motivation increased from social interaction with managers
• social support offered by informal groups is very motivational, more so than money
• informal groups influence more than managers
• employees feel valued in having more freedom over decision-making

Question 10

4 people

Answer 10

• Maslow
• Hertzberg
• Mayo (human relations)
• McGregor (human relations)

Question 11

McGregor in action - motivation

Answer 11

• theory X = financial
• theory Y = achievement, reaching potential, social interaction, empowerment

Question 12

McGregor in action - communication

Answer 12

• theory X = no involvement in decision making
• theory Y = participative in decision making