Intermediate Friction Ridge Analysis I Flashcards
Inception of friction ridge identification is believed to have originated in the _____________
Orient
The Kejimkujik Lake Petroglyph is located in ______
Nova Scotia
Emperor Ts-In-She is reported to be the first Chinese emperor to _______________
Use Clay finger seals
Fingerprints were used to identify people as early as ______.
650 A.D.
Who made wooden engravings of fingerprints and published them in his book?
Thomas Bewick
Who began the first known official use of fingerprints on a large scale?
Sir William Herschel
Who is credited with being the first European to recognize the value of friction ridge prints and to use them for identification?
Sir William Herschel
Who experiments resulted in the first demonstration of friction ridge persistency?
Sir William Herschel
Who made the first clear enunciation of two of the basic principles on which friction ridge identification was founded?
Dr. J.C.A Mayer
Who is given credit for being the first to suggest fingerprints could be used to solve crimes?
Dr. Henry Faulds
Who suggested that impressions from suspected criminals could be taken in wax for comparisons?
Thomas Taylor
Who devised the first truly scientific method of criminal identification of which we are aware?
Alphonse Bertillon
Bertillonage is also known as ___________
Anthropometry
Who authored a book called “Fingerprints” and established that friction ridge skin was unique and persistent?
Sir Francis Galton
_________ became the first country to abolish anthropometry and file criminal records solely by fingerprint classification.
Argentina
The 1892 _____ murders are reported to be the first homicide solved by fingerprints.
Rojas
Who created a classification system wit 1,024 primary positions with secondary breakdowns in each?
Sir Edward Henry
_____________ used his thumbprint to ensure that the amounts were not altered on checks.
Gilbert Thompson
_____________ observed that innumerable little ridges of equal bigness on the ends of the first joints of the fingers.
Nehemiah Grew
__________, a Scotland Yard detective, presents a paper on fingerprints at the World’s Fair in St.Louis to the Internation Association of Chiefs of Police. The presentation introduced fingerprinting to Canada and brought an end to the Bertillon System.
John Kenneth Ferrier (J.K. Ferrier)
_________, a Canadian constable, attends Ferrier’s presentation at the World’s Fair. Upon his return to Canada, he becomes instrumental in establishing and maintaining a National Bureau of fingerprints.
Edward Foster
_______ is credited as being the first to use the newly invented microscope to study friction skin.
Marcello Malphighi
As a result of his work, a layer of skin (Stratum Malphighi) was named in _________’s honor.
Marcello Malphighi
________, a German scientist who studied primates became the first researcher to address the formation of friction ridges in embryos and the topographical physical stressors which affect their growth.
Arthur Kollmann
Inez Whipple correctly identified the location of the ___________.
Volar Pads
________, a professor of Zoology at Smith College, co-published a book describing the anatomical formation of friction ridges and their uniqueness to an individual.
Harris Hawthorne Wilder
______, a professor of anatomy at Tulane University, spent most of his career studying dermatoglyphics.
Harold Cummins
________ is the study of the surface markings of the skin or friction ridges.
Dermatoglyphics
_______’s research involved the examination of thin slices of fetal skin, cut in cross section to the friction ridges, from the fingers of fetuses at different stages of development.
Alfred Hale
Human skin is the heaviest organ and is separated into two types, __________ and ___________.
Volar and Smooth
________ skin contains hair, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
Smooth Skin
_______ skin contains sweat glands and lack pigmentation.
Volar Skin
_______ appear as blank spaces between ridges.
Furrows
Each friction ridge is made up of a series of ____________.
Ridge Units
Each ridge unit contains one ______ and One ______.
One Sweat Gland and One Pore
Eccrine sweat removes waste. It contains __% water and __% solids.
99% water and 1% solids
Incipient Friction Ridges are also known as ______, ______, or ______.
Rudimentary, Subsidiary, or Nascent Ridges
________ are friction ridges that have failed to reach maturity.
Incipient Ridges
______ ridges are friction ridges that tend to lean in the same direction.
Imbricated Ridges
Friction skin is divided into two main layers. The Inner, ________ and the Outer, _____.
The Inner, Dermis and the Outer, Epidermis.
The epidermis is divided into two groups. The outer layer, _________ and the inner layer, ________.
The outer layer, Stratum Corneum and the inner layer, Stratum Malpighii (aka Stratum Mucosum).
The Stratum Malpihii is also known as the Stratum _____.
Mucosum
The Stratum Corneum is made up of two layers the _______ and the _______.
Horny Layer and the Hyalin Layer
The Stratum Malpighii is made up of three layers the ______, ______, and ________.
Granular Layer, the Spinous Layer, and the Basal Layer.
The deepest layer of cells next to the dermis is called the ______ layer.
Basal
Due to the key role the basal layer plays in generating new skin cells, it is often referred to as the ______ layer.
Generating Layer
All cells are held together with a substance called _______.
Desmosome
Also known as true skin, the _____ is the inner layer of friction skin.
Dermis
__________ are blunt peg-like formations that fill the spaces between primary and secondary epidermal ridges.
Dermal Papillae
At __ Weeks, the epidermis is approximately one cell thick.
3 Weeks
At __ weeks, fetal hands appear paddle-like, the digits are present, and the volar pads start to appear in their typical arrangement.
6 Weeks
At __ weeks, the digits have separated and elongated with volar pads appearing as bulges.
8 weeks
At __-__ weeks the interdigital and palmer pads begin to regress.
10-11 Weeks
By __ weeks, the digital volar pads have become distinct and begin to regress. Friction ridges also start to develop in the basal layer of the epidermis.
12 Weeks
If the volar pad is tall the ridges tend to develop in a _____ pattern.
Concentric pattern
If the volar pad is flat, the ridges tend to develop an ____ pattern.
Arch Pattern
If the volar pad is of medium height ridges tend to form a ____ pattern.
Looping Pattern
At __ Months of development, primary ridges cease to multiply and are in their final unique and persistent form.
4 Months
____________ determined friction ridges develop two aspects known as branches and islands.
Alfred Hale
Major ridge path deviations are also referred to as _________, ______, or ________.
Ridge Characteristics, Minutia, or Galton Details
____ is an inherited genetic malfunction which prohibits ridge units from fusing together to form friction ridges.
Dysplasia
____ is a condition in which small areas of the volar surface produce patches of imperfect short ridges. Believed to be caused by external pressure on the area during formation.
Dissociated Ridges
Fingerprints may be resolved into three large general groups of patters known as _____, _____, and _____.
Loops, Whorls, and Arches
The most numerous of all patterns (Loop Pattern), constitutes __% of all fingerprints
65%
The whorl type pattern constitutes approximately __% of all fingerprints
30%
The arch type pattern constitutes approximately __% of all fingerprints
5%
The _______ is that part of a loop or whorl in which appear the cores, deltas, and ridges with which we are concerned in classifying.
The Pattern Area
The _______ are defines as the two innermost ridges, which start parallel, diverge, and surround or ‘tend’ to surround the pattern area.
The Type Lines
When there is a definite break in a type line, the ridge ____________ of it its continuation.
Immediately Outside
A __________ is the forking or dividing of one line into two or more branches.
Bifurcation
A __________ is the spreading apart of two lines which have been running parallel or nearly parallel.
Divergence
______ are never formed by a single ridge, but by the abutting of one ridge against another.
Angles
The ____ may be defined as that point on a ridge at or in front of and nearest the center of the divergence of the type lines.
Delta
When there is a choice between a bifurcation and another type of delta, equally close to the point of divergence, the ______ is selected.
Bifurcation
When there is a series of bifurcations opening toward the core at the point of divergence of the two type lines, the bifurcation _______ the core is chosen as the delta.
Nearest the core
The _____, as the name implies, is the approximate center of the finger impression.
The Core
_________ is defined as that part of a recurving ridge between the shoulders of a loop.
Sufficient recurve
The ______ of a loop are the points at which the recurving ridge definitely turn inward or curve.
Shoulders
A ____ is that type of fingerprint pattern in which one or more of the ridges enter on either side of the impression, recurve, tough or pass an imaginary line drawn from the delta to the core, and terminate or tend to terminate on or toward the same side of the impression from whence such ridges entered.
A Loop
What are the three essentials of a loop?
DSR (Delta, Sufficient Recurve, Ridge count across a looping ridge)
Loops which flow in the direction of the Ulna Bone (toward the little finger) are called ______.
Ulnar Loops
Loops which flow in the direction of the Radial Bone (toward the thumb) are called _______.
Radial Loops
The whorl patter is subdivided into 4 groups ____, ____, ____, and _____.
The Plain Whorl, The Central Pocket Loop, The Double Loop, and The Accidental Whorl
The plain whorl has two deltas and at least one ridge making a complete circuit, which may be spiral, oval, circular, or any variant of a circle. An imaginary line drawn between the two deltas ____ touch or cross at least one of the recurving ridges within the inner pattern area.
MUST touch
The “_______” is determined by drawing an imaginary line between the inner delta and the center of the innermost recurving ridge.
“line of flow”
The central pocket loop type of whorl has two deltas and at least one ridge making a complete circuit, which may be spiral, oval, circular, or any variant of a circle. An imaginary line drawn from the two deltas _____ touch or cross at least one of the recurving ridges within the inner pattern area.
Must NOT touch
The __________ consists of two separate loop formations, with two separate and distinct sets of shoulders, and two deltas.
Double Loop
The _________ is a pattern consisting of two different types of patterns, with the exception of the plain arch, with two more more deltas.
The accidental Whorl
There are three types of tented arches. What are they?
Ridges form an angle; i.e., 90 degrees or less
An upthrust of 45 degrees or more
2/3 of a loop
What are the 3 Premises of Friction Ridge Identification?
- Friction ridges develop on the fetus in their definitive from before birth
- Friction ridges are persistent throughout life except for permanent scarring
- Friction ridge patterns and the details in small areas of friction ridges are unique and never repeated.
Define Clarity
How well the details in 3-D ridges are reproduced in the 2-D print.
What are the 3 levels of clarity?
1st-Overall friction ridge pattern
2nd-Specific ridge path (minutia)
3rd-Intrinsic ridge shapes and relative pore locations
What is the Philosophy of friction ridge identification?
Friction Ridge identification is established through the agreement of friction ridge formations, in sequence, having sufficient uniqueness to individualize.
What does In Sequence mean?
that all areas of the print must be joined directly or, if not, undergo careful analysis where the opinion of the expert is that sequence is maintained over the separation.
What is the Methodology of Friction Ridge Identification?
ACE-V
What is ACE-V an acrynym for?
Analysis
Comparison
Evaluation
Verification
What occurs in the Analysis stage of ACE-V?
Intelligence Gathering where the examiner studies the unknown print to assess the quantity and quality of detail available for comparison.
Is is possible to describe every discrepancy in a latent print?
It is IMPOSSIBLE
Define Deposition Pressure
The amount of vertical weight placed on the friction ridges.
Define Pressure Distortion
The lateral or horizontal plane and usually results in a sliding or smearing of the ridge matrix.
What occurs in the Comparison stage of ACE-V?
Comparison of the unknown area side-by-side to the known area of friction ridges.
The determination whether details in two prints are in agreement are based upon (SSS) __________.
Similarity, Sequence, and Spatial Relationship
What occurs in the Evaluation stage of ACE-V?
The examiner forms a conclusion
The terminology used to express the types of opinions one can reach are articulated in various ways. Most commonly used are:
Elimination or Exclusion
Identification or Individualization
Inconclusive or Insufficient Uniqueness to Individualize
The petroglyph at Kejimkujik Lake in Nova Scotia is an outline of a hand that depicts ____ of the palm and ____ patterns on the fingertips.
Flexion Crease ; Circular Patterns
Every change along the normal shutter speed continuum either halves or doubles:
1/30 allows _________ the light as 1/60
Double
Every change along the normal shutter speed continuum either halves or doubles:
1/125 allows _________ the light as 1/60
Half
