Intergroup relations

Question 1

What are the three leveks of analysis in relation to negative intergroup relations?

Answer 1

Cognitive- sterotypes
Affective- prejudice
behavioural- discrimination

Question 2

Describe Jundan and sherman-williams 1993 research into ambiguity and stereotypes

Answer 2

Stertoptes are much more liekly to be used in ambiguous situations. They presented participants with 3 sitations; low aggression, high aggression and ambiguous aggression and either a housewife or a construction worker doing it. They found the housewife and worker were rated similar in terms of aggression in the first two situations, while in the ambiguous setting the construction worker was rated much higher in aggression than the housewife. Showing participants reverted to the stereotypical view that women are less aggressive.

Question 3

Sterotpyes are activated on the basis of …. This is …. of steretypes. Add extra detail

Answer 3

Stereotypes are acviated on the basis of cues. This is autmaticity of sterotypes, they are acviated rapidly and without concious awareness

Question 4

How can we control and combat steretypes? Whats the difficulty?

Answer 4

It is difficult as they are unconcious.

• Force ourself to think of a category-stereotype link and then suppress it immediately when we think of it.
• Sterotype rebound suggests that the more we try to suppress a sterotype the firmer the cogntive/associate link becomes, therefore entrenching automatic activtivation in us.

Question 5

How can we expose hidden prejudices?

Answer 5

We can expose hiddne prejudices by an implicit association test; quickly seclting the correct categories or a word then also having pleasant/unpleasant categories at the same time and we can look at speed each way is done

Question 6

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 6

Stertype threat is the idea that when people are so concerned they are going to be stereotyped in a situation, they perform worse/better and therefore cinconfrim the steretype when they didnt want to.

Question 7

What is the self fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 7

Self fulfilling prophecy is where peple begin to act like others expect them to. When someone has assumtions about someone it changes the way they interact with them, inturn chaging how the person sees themself so they change their beavhiour to match the expectation.

Question 8

What is discrimination? How could it take form?

Answer 8

Discrimation is negavive behavior towards individuals of a ceetain group, more often occuring when a sitation is ambiguous.

• Blatant
• Subtle, reinforcing prejudice as a norm

Question 9

Describe research into how ambiguity can affect discrimination

Answer 9

Hodson, Dovido and Gaertner 2002
Looked into application picking process for college and found there wasn’t discrimination between white and black students when the grades were either low or high, but when the grades were mixed the school were more likely to pick white students, using the grades as a justification for not picking black students even though the grades were the same. Showing discrimination in ambiguous situations.

Question 10

List 4 theories of intergroup relations

Answer 10

• social catetogisation
• Social identity theory Tajfel and Turner
• Frustrated goals and relative deprivation
• Economic

Question 11

What is self determination theory?

Answer 11

there is bith autonomy motivation where we initate behaviou in a proactive way and control motivation where we ac accoding to how external agencies dictate.
Those with control motiavtion do not flouish under control
Those with autonomy control are happier and perfom better in tasks with others

Question 12

Social categorisation says we see people as …. rther than as …..

Answer 12

Members of groups

individuals

Question 13

Describe social identity theory

Answer 13

Group and interroup behaviour is associated with our own social identity. We want to have a positive identiy and hogh self esteem so we join groups and then view the outgroups more negativly and our own group positively.

Question 14

What is denigration?

Answer 14

Denigration is where we view out groups negatively

Question 15

What is out group homogeniety effect?

Answer 15

Outgroup homogeniety effect is where we view members of a certin outgroup as more similiar in looks than they actually are, making it harder to distinguish between them

Question 16

What is positive differentiation?

Answer 16

Positive differentiation is what Tajfel said to be the link betwen our social identity ad self esteem creates a pressure for us to evaluate ingroups positively in comparision to outgroups

Question 17

What is the minimal groups pradigm?

Answer 17

This is a procedure used to create new social groups in a labatory setting, the goal being for indivudals to categrise themselves into groups based on minimal criteria that is trivial or arbitrayr. Shows how we put ourselves into groups very quickly to protect/enhance our self esteem

Question 18

What is dollard;s frustration-agression hypothesis?

Answer 18

Dollard’s frustration agression hypothesis 1939
When people get frsutarcted or angry (instigation to agress) the only way to get rid of it is to display agression. Usually this display isnt towards the cause of the frustation but to a weaker vunerable target

Question 19

Dsecribe frustarted goals and relative deprevation thory of negative intergroup relations

Answer 19

• frustration/agression hypothesis
• deprivation causes conflict most acute when expectations are high and achievements suddenly drop off ( the J curve by Davies 1969)
• interpersonal comparisons lead egoistic relative deprivation- persoanlly having less than feeling entitld to
• intergroup comparisons lad to fraternalistic relative deprivation- group has less than its entitled to

Question 20

What conditions effect how much of an impact intergroup comparsions have on competitive behaviour?

Answer 20

• People must idenifty strongly with the group
• people need to feel their deprived state rests on distributional injstice and procedural injustice
• perception of real intergroup conflict over scarce resources

Question 21

What is the economic theory of negative intergoup relations?

Answer 21

Society is composed of groups that differ in power, econmic resources and status. Dominant groups maintain their position and have the most in terms of position and resources.

Question 22

What are two theories of improving intergroup relations?

Answer 22

• contact hypothesis by alllport 1954

- realistic conflict theory sherif

Question 23

What is the contact hypothesis? Does it work?

Answer 23

Allport suggests that bringnin epople together of different roups will decrease steretypes, prejudice and discrimination.
This didnt work in robber’s cave

Question 24

What are the conditions required for intergroup contact in the contact hypothesis?

Answer 24

Allport 1954; pettigrew and Tropp 2006

1. personal interaction (sufficient frequency, duration and closeness, acquaintance potential
2. equal status
3. Cooperatio towards common goals to get positive outcomes
4. Supportive environment and social norm

Question 25

Describe realistic conflict theory as a way of improving intergroup relations

Answer 25

Realistic conflict theory by Sherif
The way people behave towards each other is heavily influenced by goals. When people have a common goal that requires group work for achievement people cooperate to help each other achieve the goal and this produces a sense of solidarity and an oneness which underpins group formation,shown in the Robbers cave study.

Question 26

Describe Robbers Cave study

Answer 26

Robber s cave study Sherif 1961
Researchers set up a summer camp in 1954 where 2 groups of young boys went but were unaware, they were in the study in order to observe the formation of a group identity. The camp lasted 2 weeks; the first week they kept both groups separate in order to let the groups form a group identity and group norms and the second week they let the groups become aware of each other’s existence. The boys quickly requested a competition between which the researchers also planned, giving the winners a valuable prize. The rivalry between the two quickly became conflict; stealing each other’s flags and raiding their camps. The study showed how easy it is to create antagonism between groups and how intergroup relations is often negative. In the end all the boys banded together to win something as a team and became friends.