Intergroup Relations

Question 1

Stereotype

Answer 1

A simplified but widely shared belief about a characteristic of a group and its members.

Question 2

Prejudice

Answer 2

A negative, affective prejudgement about a group and its individual members.

Question 3

Discrimination

Answer 3

Negative treatment of a group member simply because of their group membership.

Question 4

Illusory correlation bias

Answer 4

An exaggerated perception of a correlation between two variables. In intergroup relations, the perception that a behaviour is more frequently displayed by a minority than a majority group, when the behaviour is displayed equally by both groups, in proportional terms.

Question 5

Dogmatism

Answer 5

The tendency for people to be able to tolerate mutually inconsistent beliefs by isolating them from each other in memory.

Question 6

Personal needs for structure (PNS)

Answer 6

A person’s preference for structure and clarity in most situations, and level of annoyance experienced by ambiguity.

Question 7

Authoritarianism

Answer 7

A form of social organization characterized by preference for, and submission to, authority.

Question 8

Right-wing authoritarianism

Answer 8

An individual differences variable characterized by authoritarian aggression and conventionalism.

Question 9

Social dominance orientation

Answer 9

An individual differences variable that measures people’s preference for hierarchy within any social system.

Question 10

Realistic group conflict theory

Answer 10

Theory of intergroup conflict that explains intergroup behaviour with respect to the need to secure scarce resources.

Question 11

Ethnocentrism

Answer 11

Preference for one’s own group, and features of one’s own group, over others.

Question 12

Contact hypothesis

Answer 12

Theory of prejudice reduction, which proposes that prejudice and conflict between groups can be reduced by bringing them together.

Question 13

Superordinate goal

Answer 13

A goal that two (or more) groups can aspire to but that can only be achieved by working together in cooperation.

Question 14

Minimal group paradigm

Answer 14

Experimental manipulation that tests the effects of mere categorization on behaviour.

Question 15

Sexism

Answer 15

Beliefs about differences between men and women, the roles they perform, and beliefs concerning the appropriateness of these differences.

Question 16

Hostile sexism

Answer 16

Traditionally sexist view of women that is characterized by the belief that they pose a threat to men’s position.

Question 17

Benevolent sexism

Answer 17

Apparently positive view of women in which they are seen as necessary for men’s happiness, and superior in a number of ways (e.g., morality)

Question 18

Ambivalent sexism

Answer 18

Reconceptualization of sexism to take into account the fact that sexism can include both positive and negative attitudes at the same time.

Question 19

Social creativity

Answer 19

Preserving a positive self-image by identifying and giving weight to dimensions on which they are superior to the high status group.

Question 20

Objectification

Answer 20

The view of women as being represented by their bodies.

Question 21

Moral credentialing

Answer 21

Demonstrating one’s credentials (e.g., to be not prejudiced) often means that people will express more prejudice.

Question 22

Modern racism

Answer 22

Subtle and less aggressive form of prejudice based on race.

Question 23

Ageism

Answer 23

Prejudiced attitudes about a person or group because of their age.

Question 24

Aversive racism

Answer 24

Inner conflict between an egalitarian view and racist impulses can be aversive, such that people avoid contact with specific racial groups.

Question 25

Spontaneous trait inference

Answer 25

People sometimes spontaneously infer others’ traits from their behaviour without intending to, or being aware.

Question 26

Intergroup anxiety model

Answer 26

Model arguing that people expect negative outcomes when they interact with, or anticipate interaction with, outgroups.

Question 27

Stereotype threat

Answer 27

Fear of being judged in terms of a stereotype and negatively fulfilling the stereotype. Stereotype threat leads to poorer performance on a task.

Question 28

Stereotype lift

Answer 28

The reverse of stereotype threat. Fulfilling a positive stereotype leads to enhanced performance.