Intergroup Relations

Question 1

What is social categorization?

Answer 1

The recognition that some people belong to the same social category as ourselves while others do not.

This creates a negative view of ‘them’ relative to ‘us’, impacting intergroup relations.

Question 2

What are the three stages of Sherif’s Summer Camp Studies?

Answer 2

• Group Formation
• Intergroup Competition
• Conflict Reduction

These stages illustrate the dynamics of group interactions and conflict resolution.

Question 3

What is the Mere Categorization Effect?

Answer 3

The phenomenon where mere categorization into groups can lead to prejudice and bias.

This effect has been replicated in various studies, highlighting the psychological basis of prejudice.

Question 4

What does Social Identity Theory propose?

Answer 4

We are motivated to see our group as better than others to maintain self-esteem.

This theory emphasizes the role of group memberships in shaping self-concept.

Question 5

What is Self-categorization Theory?

Answer 5

In a salient group context, individuals depersonalize and adopt characteristics associated with their groups.

This theory highlights how context influences group identity and discrimination.

Question 6

What does the Subjective Uncertainty Reduction Hypothesis suggest?

Answer 6

Uncertainty about perceptions and beliefs motivates individuals to reduce uncertainty.

This relates to how individuals seek clarity about their self-concept in social contexts.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: The _______ Theory states that humans adopt a cultural worldview to manage the fear of death.

Answer 7

[Terror Management]

This theory explains how mortality awareness influences behavior and intergroup relations.

Question 8

What is the Common Ingroup Identity Model?

Answer 8

A model that introduces a superordinate category encompassing both groups, changing ‘Us’ versus ‘Them’ to ‘We’.

This model aims to reduce intergroup bias by fostering inclusion.

Question 9

What is Multiple Categorization?

Answer 9

Encouraging people to think of multiple ways to categorize individuals rather than relying on single social identifiers.

This approach helps reduce stereotypes and biases.

Question 10

What are the main theories of aggression?

Answer 10

• Biological
• Social
• Learning Theories

These theories encompass various approaches to understanding aggressive behavior.

Question 11

What is the Frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Answer 11

The theory that frustration leads to aggression when individuals feel blocked from achieving goals.

This hypothesis has been supported by various studies linking economic conditions to aggressive behavior.

Question 12

What does the Cathartic Hypothesis propose?

Answer 12

Aggression serves to relieve accumulated emotional tension.

Although some evidence supports this, findings indicate it may not always be effective.

Question 13

What is the Cognitive Neoassociationalist Model?

Answer 13

Frustration leads to aggression only if there are environmental cues present that have been linked to anger.

This model emphasizes the role of context in triggering aggressive responses.

Question 14

Fill in the blank: According to the Excitation-Transfer Model, _______ arousal can influence aggression.

Answer 14

[Non-specific]

This model suggests that arousal from one situation can carry over to another, increasing aggression.

Question 15

What are some person-centred determinants of aggression?

Answer 15

• Gender differences
• Personality traits
• Alcohol consumption

These factors contribute to individual variations in aggressive behavior.

Question 16

What is the relationship between alcohol and aggression?

Answer 16

Higher alcohol consumption is associated with increased aggression.

Studies indicate that alcohol impairs judgment and increases impulsivity.

Question 17

What situational factors can lead to aggression?

Answer 17

• Temperature
• Crowding
• Noise
• Social disadvantage
• Cultural influence

These environmental conditions can heighten aggressive responses.

Question 18

What is the curvilinear relationship between temperature and aggression?

Answer 18

Aggression increases with temperature up to a point, after which it may decrease.

This relationship has been documented in studies linking heat to violent crime.

Question 19

What is Deindividuation?

Answer 19

The loss of self-awareness in groups, leading to increased aggression.

This phenomenon can occur in crowded situations where individuals feel anonymous.

Question 20

What is Dehumanization?

Answer 20

The process of perceiving others as less than human, reducing empathy and moral constraints.

This can lead to justifications for aggressive actions against out-groups.

Question 21

What is dehumanization?

Answer 21

Failure to see others as unique human beings

It leads to a reduced likelihood of empathy, guilt, or shame and legitimizes aggressive actions.

Question 22

What event exemplified dehumanization in a military context?

Answer 22

Abu Ghraib (2004)

American soldiers abused Iraqi prisoners, treating them inhumanely.

Question 23

What is delegitimization?

Answer 23

When groups develop extreme hatred of an out-group

This allows dehumanization to be justified.

Question 24

List three forms of aggression in society.

Answer 24

• Domestic violence
• Sexual aggression
• Terrorism

Question 25

What is domestic violence?

Answer 25

Verbal or physical aggression towards any member of one’s family

Police receive 570,000 calls for help a year.

Question 26

Who commits domestic violence?

Answer 26

Both women and men

People are more likely to be killed or physically assaulted by family members.

Question 27

What did the British Crime Survey (2002) report about sexual aggression?

Answer 27

190,000 incidences of serious sexual assault

Includes 47,000 victims of rape or attempted rape.

Question 28

What is a contributing factor to sexual aggression according to Zillman & Bryant (1985)?

Answer 28

Violent pornography

It increases tolerance for rape by perpetuating the ‘Rape Myth’.

Question 29

What is the ‘Rape Myth’?

Answer 29

The belief that women secretly enjoy being sexually assaulted

This myth contributes to attitudes that normalize sexual violence.

Question 30

What does the traditional view of terrorism focus on?

Answer 30

Targeting individuals and criminal profiling

This view is limited and overlooks broader conditions leading to terrorism.

Question 31

What does Ali Moghaddam’s ‘Staircase to Terrorism’ model suggest?

Answer 31

Potential terrorists go through several stages before committing an act

Each stage reduces the number of options available to them.

Question 32

What is the ground level of the ‘Staircase to Terrorism’?

Answer 32

Perceptions of Relative Deprivation

This perception can lead to feelings of injustice that fuel aggression.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: The stages in the ‘Staircase to Terrorism’ include perceptions of procedural injustice, displacement of aggression, adoption of alternative moral code, categorical thinking, and _______.

Answer 33

Terrorist Act