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Pathology > Intercellular Accumulations > Flashcards

Intercellular Accumulations Flashcards

1
Q

Define it?

A

Under some circumstances cells may accumulate abnormal amounts of various substances,
Which may be harmless or associated with varying degrees of injury.

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2
Q

The substance may be located in:

A

In the cytoplasm, within organelles (typically lysosomes) or in the nucleus.

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3
Q

Irreversible fatty liver:

A

it occurs when some vital intracellular process is irreversibly impaired
e.g ,:CCl4 poisoning

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4
Q

Atherosclerosis:

A

S.M cells and macrophages are filled with lipid vacuoles composed of cholestrol and cholestryl esters.
These give atherosclerotic plaques

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5
Q

Xanthomas:

A

In hereditary and acquired hyper lipidemic syndromes, macrophages become filled with cholestrol and cholestryl ester and produce tumorous masses in the subepithelial connective tissue of skin or in tendons.

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6
Q

Accumulation of protein

A

Morphologically visible protein accumulations are much less common than lipid accumulations

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7
Q

Accumulation of proteins may occur because:

A

Because excesses are presented to the cells or because the cells synthesize excessive amounts

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8
Q

Protein accumulation in PCT of kidney:

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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9
Q

Russel bodies occur in:

A

Multiple myloma

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10
Q

Mallory body occurs in:

A

Alcoholic liver disease

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11
Q

The neurofibrillary tangle occurs in:

A

Alzheimer disease

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12
Q

Accumulation of glycogen associated with:

A

Abnromalities in the metabolism of either glucose or glycogen

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13
Q

In PCDM, glycogen accumulates in:

A

Renal tubular epithelium, cardiac myocytes and beta cells of the islets of langerhans

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14
Q

Most common exogenous pigment:

A

Carbon

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15
Q

When carbon is inhaled, it is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and transported through lymphatic channels to :

A

The regional tracheobronchial lymph node

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16
Q

Aggregates of the pigment blacken the draining lymph nodes and pulmonary parenchyma

A

Anthracosis

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17
Q

E.g of accumulation of carbon pigmenr

A 
Heavy pollution
Fibroblastic reaction
Emphysema
Coal workers
Pneumoconiosis
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18
Q

Coal workers pneumoconiosis

A

Heavy accumulation may induce emphysema or a fibroblastic reaction that result in a serious lung disease.

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19
Q

It is form of localaized exogenous pigment

A

Tattooing

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20
Q

Explain tattooing?

A

Pigments like india ink, cinnabar and carbon are introduced into the dermis in the process of tattooing where the pigment is taken up by macrophages and lies permanently in the connective tissue.

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21
Q

Rust discoloration of lungs occurs in:

A

Siderosis (accumulation of excess of iron)

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22
Q

Type of occupational lung disease (pneumoconiosis) caused by the inhalation of dust or fumes containing iron or iron oxide particles

A

Siderosis

23
Q

In silicosis, accumulation of silicon cause:

A

Fibrosis of lung

24
Q

An isoluble brownish-yellow granular intracellular material that seen in a variety of tissues as a function of age or atrophy.

A

Wear and tear pigment ( lipofuscin)

25
Q

Lipofuscin is seen in :

A

Heart, liver and brain

26
Q

Components of lipofuscin:

A

It consists of complexes of lipid and protein that derive from the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipid of subcellular membranes.

27
Q

Lipofuscin is not injurious to the cell but is important as:

A

As a marker of past free-radical injury

28
Q

The brown pigment when present in large amounts, imparts an appearance to the tissue that is called:

A

Brown atrophy

29
Q

An endogenous brown-black pigment produced in melanocytes

A

Melanin

30
Q

Function of melanin pigment:

A

It acts as a screen against harmful ultraviolet radiation

31
Q

Endogenous iron containing pigment consists of aggregates of ferritin micelles

A

Hemosiderin

32
Q

Hemosiderin color:

A

It appears in tissues as golden yellow to brown amorphous aggregates

33
Q

How to identify hemosiderin?

A

It can be positively identified by its staining reaction(blue color) with prussian blue dye.

34
Q

Hemosiderin is normally exist in:

A

IN tissue macrophages of BM, liver and spleen as physiologic iron storing

35
Q

Define hemosiderosis:

A

It is accumulation of hemosiderin, primary within tissue macrophages, without associated tissue or organ damage

36
Q

Hemochromatosis:

A

More extensive accumulation of hemosiderin, often within parenchymal cells, with accompanying tissue damage, scarring and organ dysfunction.

37
Q

Causes of systemic hemosiderosis:

A

Increased absorption of dietary iron.
Impaired utilization of iron
Hemolytic anemia
Transfusions

38
Q

Hemochromatosis consequences:

A

Liver cirrhosis
Heart failure
Diabetes mellitus ( Bronze diabetes)
Increased skin pigmentation

39
Q

Hereditary hemochromatosis caused by :

A

Mutation in the Hfe gene on chromosome 6.

40
Q

Pathological cacification:

A

It refer to abnormal diposition of cacium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium and other mineral salts in areas other than bone or teeth.

41
Q

Gross appearance of calcification:

A

White granules or grey, chalky masses.

Firm consistency and gritty feelings on cutting like stones.

42
Q

Microscopic appearance of calcification:

A

Blue granules or masses with H&E (basophilic deposites)

Special stain Von Kossa gives black color to Ca salts which may be intracellular or extracellular

43
Q

Types of calcification:

A

Dystrophic : deposition in dead or dying tissue, with normal serum level of Ca
Metastatic: deposition in normal tissues with hypercalcemia

44
Q

Common sites of dystrophic calcification:

A 
Area of coagulation.
Caseous and liquifactive necrosis.
Foci of enzymatic fat necrosis.
Damaged heart valves.
Atheromas of advanced atherosclerosis.
Dead parasitic lesions like trichnosis, onchocercosis.
Thrombosis
Tumours (Psammoma bodiee in some tumors (meningiomqs papillary carcinoma
45
Q

Common sites of metastatic calcification:

A

Interstitial tissues of blood vessels, kidneys, lung and gastric mucosa.(Organs which secrete or excretes acids).

46
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia:

A 
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyrodism
Idiopathic hypercalcemia
Vid D intoxication
Addison's disease (adrenocortical insufficiency,l.
\++ bone catabolism
-- bone formation: immobilization
Systemic sarcoidosis
Milk-alkali syndrom
47
Q

Increased bone catabolism occurs in:

A

Multiple myeloma, metastatic cancer and leukemia

48
Q

Calciphylaxis:

A

A newly described life-threatening type of metastatic calcification in small blood vessels of the skin in patients suffering from chronic renal failure.

49
Q

Characteristics of calciphylaxis:

A

Painful multiple skin necrosis with burn like ulcerations, secondary infections and septicemia is common.

50
Q

Life saving of calciphylaxis

A

Parathyroidectomy

51
Q

Hyaline change:

A

It refers to any homogenous, glassy, pink-appearing substance in routine tissue section.

52
Q

Hyaline change is widely used:

A

As descriptive histologic term.

53
Q

E.g of hyaline change:

A

Dense collagenous fibrous scar.
Thickening and reduplication of basement membranes, as in arterioles in long standing hypertension.
Hyaline viral inclusion
Alcoholic hyaline( mallory’s hyaline).

54
Q

Other e.g of hyaline change:

A

Abnormal extracellular proteinaceous deposite in amyloidosis.
Droplets of reabsorbed protein in renal tubular epithelial cells.

Pathology (11 decks)

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