Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENSP101 > Interactions and Community Ecology > Flashcards

Interactions and Community Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Competition

A

organisms that see the same resource have a relation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

infraspecific competition

A

members of the same species, population level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

interspecific competition

A

members of different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

competitive exclusion

A

one species is a stronger competitor, it may exclude other species from the resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

species coexistence

A

no single competitor excludes other, coexisting species will alter their behavior to minimize competition, alerting their niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fundamental niche

A

the full niche of a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

realized niche

A

the portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled (due to competition or other species’ interaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Resource partitioning

A

the process by which species use different resources or use shared resources in different ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

character displacement

A

competing species diverge in their physical characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Exploitation

A

process by which one member exploits another for its own gain (predation, parasitism, herbivory )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Predation

A

the process by which individuals of one species (predators) capture, kill, and consume individuals of another species(prey)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parasitism

A

a relation in which on organism (parasite) depends on another (host) for nourishment or some other benefit, doesn’t kill host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Herbivory

A

when animals feed on the tissues of plants, may not kill the plant, but affects its growth and survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mutualism

A

a relationship where two or more species benefit each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

symbiosis

A

mutualism in which the organisms live in close physical contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pollination

A

interaction in which bees, bats, birds, and other transfer pollen from one flower to another, fertilizing its eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Community

A

an assemblage of populations of organisms living in the same place at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Trophic level

A

rank in the feeding hierarchy, producers, consumers, detrivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Biomass

A

the collective mass of living matter in a given place and time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Food chain

A

a linear series of feeding relationships

21
Q

Food webs

A

all of the interlinking food chains within an entire community

22
Q

Keystone species

A

have a strong or wide-reaching impact far out of proportion to their abundance

23
Q

Ecosystem engineers

A

physically modifying the environment

24
Q

Trophic cascade

A

a phenomenon in which predators at high trophic levels indirectly affect populations at low trophic levels

25
Q

Disturbance

A

an event that causes rapid changes in the environment that alters the community or ecosystem

26
Q

Communities have different ways of maintaining themselves when disturbed called _ and _

A

resistance and resilience

27
Q

Succession

A

the predictable series of changes in a community following a disturbance

28
Q

Primary Succession

A

disturbance removes all vegetation and soil life. - community is built from scratch
- glaciers, drying lakes, volcanic lava

29
Q

Pioneer species

A

the first species to arrive in a primary succession area (lichens, mosses)

30
Q

Secondary succession

A

a disturbance dramatically alters but does not destroy, all local organisms

  • fires, hurricanes, farming, logging
31
Q

Climax Community

A

a community that remains in place with few changes until another disturbance restarts the succession

32
Q

Phase(regime) shift

A

occurs when the overall character of the community fundamentally changes

  • some crucial threshold is passed, a keystone species is lost, or an exotic species invades
33
Q

Novel or nonanalog communities

A

new mixtures of species that have not been seen before in nature

34
Q

Introduced species

A

non-native arrivals to a community brought by people, most fail to establish populations, but the ones that thrive are called invasive species

35
Q

How should we respond to invasive species?

A
  • removal
  • applying toxic chemicals
  • introducing native predators or disease
  • stressing them with heat, sound, electricity, carbon dioxide, or ultraviolet light
    • Prevention, rather than control is the best policy
36
Q

Ecological restoration

A
  • restore the functionality of an ecosystem
  • return a community to its ‘pre-settlement’ condition
37
Q

Earth’s Biomes

A
  • a regional complex of similar communities is called a biome
    • biomes are classified primarily by dominant plant type and vegetation structure, which in turn is the result of climate
  • temperature and precipitation exert the greatest influence over all other climatic factors
38
Q

Climates also vary with elevation

A

high altitudes

  • temperature, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen decline
  • ultraviolet radiation increases

Mountains also affect climate through the rainshadow effect

39
Q

Tropical rainforest

A
  • Southeast Asia, west Africa, central and south America
  • year-round rain and warm temperatures
  • the forest floor is dark and damp
  • lush vegetation
  • diverse species
  • but species in low densities
  • very poor soils
40
Q

Temperature deciduous forest

A
  • deciduous trees lose their leaves each fall
    • they remain dormant during winter
  • mid-latitude forests in Europe, Eastern China Eastern North America
  • even, year-round precipitation
  • fertile soils
  • dominant forest trees are often oak, beech, maple
41
Q

Temperature grasslands

A
  • more extreme temperature difference between winter and summer than temperature deciduous forest
  • less precipitation
  • also called steppe or prairie
    • once widespread, but has been converted to agriculture
    • bison, prairie dogs, ground-nesting birds, pronghorn
42
Q

Temperature rainforest

A
  • coastal pacific northwest
  • a great deal of precipitation
  • coniferous trees: cedar, spruce, hemlock, fir
  • moisture-loving animals
    • banana slug
  • erosion and landslides affect the fertile soil
  • logged for lumber and paper
  • most old growth is gone
43
Q

Tropical dry forest

A

Also called tropical deciduous forest

  • Plants drop leaves during the dry season
  • India, Africa, South America, north Australia
  • Wet and dry seasons
  • Warm, but seasonal rainfall and less overall than rainforest
  • Converted to agriculture
  • Severe soil erosion
44
Q

Savanna

A
  • Grassland interspersed with trees
  • Africa, South America, Australia, India
  • Precipitation is only during the rainy season
  • Animals gather near water holes
  • Zebras, gazelles, giraffes, lions, hyenas
45
Q

Desert

A
  • Minimal precipitation
  • Some are bare, with sand dunes (Sahara)
  • Some are vegetated (Sonoran)
  • They are not always hot
  • Temperatures vary widely during the day
  • Saline soils
  • Animals are often nocturnal, nomadic
  • Plants may have defenses
46
Q

Tundra

A
  • Russia, Canada, Scandinavia
  • Minimal precipitation
  • Extremely cold winters
  • Extreme variation in day length
  • Permafrost = permanently frozen soil
  • Melting due to climate change
  • Few animals: polar bears, muskoxen, caribou, migratory birds
  • Lichens, low vegetation, few trees
47
Q

Boreal forest

A
  • Also called taiga
  • Canada, Alaska, Russia, Scandinavia
  • Extends for large continuous areas
  • A few evergreen tree species
  • Cool and dry climate
  • Long, cold winters
  • Short, cool summers
  • Nutrient-poor, acidic soil
  • Moose, wolves, bears, lynx, migratory birds
48
Q

Chaparral

A
  • Occurs in small patches around the globe
  • Mediterranean Sea, coastal Chile, California, southern Australia
  • Highly seasonal biome
  • Mild, wet winters
  • Warm, dry summers
  • Frequent fires
  • Densely thicketed, evergreen shrubs

ENSP101 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions