Earths Physical System

Question 1

The law of conservation of matter

Answer 1

matter can be transformed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed (matter stays constant) (recycled)

Question 2

Ionic bonds

Answer 2

electrons are transferred between atoms

Question 3

Covalent bonds

Answer 3

electrons are shared between atoms

Question 4

Cohesion

Answer 4

water’s attraction to itself (surface tension)

Question 5

Adhesion

Answer 5

water’s attraction between two different substances (capillary action)

Question 6

high specific heat

Answer 6

the amount of energy that is absorbed or lost by one gram of a substance to change the temp by 1 degree Celsius

Question 7

high heat evaporation

Answer 7

the amount of heat energy needed to change a gram of liquid into gas

Question 8

Why does ice have a lower density than water?

Answer 8

the hydrogen bonds are spaced out causing ice to float, insulating lakes and ponds

Question 9

Why is water a universal solvent?

Answer 9

polarity and hydrogen bonds make it a powerful solvent(water) for solutes(atoms, ions, molecules)

Question 10

Potential energy

Answer 10

energy of position (nuclear, mechanical, chemical)

Question 11

Kinetic energy

Answer 11

energy of motion (thermal, light, sound)

Question 12

1st Laws of thermodynamics

Answer 12

Energy can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed

Question 13

2nd Laws of thermodynamics

Answer 13

Energy changes from a more ordered to a less ordered state (entropy, increasing state of disorder). *Inputting energy from outside the system increases the order

Question 14

Energy conversion efficiency

Answer 14

the ratio of useful energy output to the amount needing to be input

Question 15

Chemosynthesis

Answer 15

uses energy in hydrogen sulfide to produce sugar

Question 16

Geology

Answer 16

the study of Earth’s physical features, processes, and history

Question 17

Layers of the Earth

Answer 17

1. core: solid iron in the center (molten iron in the outer core)
2. Mantle: less dense, elastic rock
3. asthenosphere: very soft or melted rock (geothermal energy)
4. lithosphere: the uppermost mantle and the crust
5. crust: the thin brittle, low-density rock layer

Question 18

Divergent plate boundary

Answer 18

plates move apart bc magma rises to the surface. creating a new crust and causing volcanos and hydrothermal vents

Question 19

Transform plate boundary

Answer 19

plates meet and the friction of the grind causes earthquakes along strike-slip faults

Question 20

Convergent plate boundary

Answer 20

plates collide

Question 21

Subduction

Answer 21

Oceanic plate slides beneath continental crust, and magma erupts through the surface in volcanoes

Question 22

Continental collision

Answer 22

Two plates of continental crust collide, making the Himalayas and Appalachian

Question 23

Tectonic Plates cause:

Answer 23

earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, tsunamis

Question 24

What can worsen natural hazards?

Answer 24

• overpopulation
• vulnerable areas (beaches, mountains)
• engineered landscapes (damming rivers, suppressing fire, mining)
• changing climate

Question 25

What can mitigate natural hazards?

Answer 25

• Building earthquake-resistant structures
• early warning systems
• preserve reefs and shorelines
• better forestry, agriculture, mining
• regulations, building codes, insurance incentives
• mitigating climate change