Intensive Love letter recalls by Keim Flashcards
Sample or Population:
Statistic
Sample
Note: All SMALL letters (n, s, k, p) including statistic are sample.
Sample or Population:
Parameter
Population
Note: All SMALL letters (n, s, k, p) including statistic are sample.
Sample or Population:
Sampling interval (k)
Sample
Note: All SMALL letters (n, s, k, p) including statistic are sample.
Sample or Population:
N
Population
Note: All SMALL letters (n, s, k, p) including statistic are sample.
Sample or Population:
p (proportion)
Sample
Note: All SMALL letters (n, s, k, p) including statistic are sample.
Raw data from published research should be:
A. Destroyed B. Maintained for 1 yr C. Maintained for 5 yrs D. Maintained for 10 yrs E. Never should be kept
C. Maintained for 5 yrs
True or False:
Informed consent form and informed consent process are two distinct elements that complement each other
True
Problem: 40 individual wtih cararact; 80% uses coticosteroid. 96 total population. Among indviduals wout cataract 50% uses corticosteroid
What is the prevalence of cataract in population? A. 32% B. 42% C. 53% D. 75.8%
B. 42%
= (40/96*100) - population
Problem: 40 individual w/ cararact; 80% uses coticosteroid. 96 total population. Among indviduals wout cataract 50% uses corticosteroid.
Prevalence proportion of individual exposed to corticosteroid? A. 32% B. 42 C. 53% D. 76.8
C. 53%
32/32+28*100
Problem: 40 individual with cararact; 80% uses coticosteroid. 96 total population. Among indviduals without cataract 50% uses corticosteroid.
Previous proportion of unexposed? A. 22% B. 32 C. 50 D.80
A. 22 % = 22% (8/8+32*100)
True or False:
All research must include a procedure to obtain informed consent.
True
True or False:
Principle of respect: the capacity of an individual to decide on his own.
True
Which of the following is not part of vulnerable group?
Student
True or False:
The benefit that might come from the research are not known until the research is complete.
False
Gradual changes in the frequency of the disease.
Secular trends
A descriptive study design.
Case series
Snapshot of the health status of a community
Cross sectional
Best control group
Population-based control
The most frequently used source.
Hospital controls
Prevalence ratio
Cross sectional
Limitations of this study design is lost to follow up because the investigation is unable to trace the study participant over the entire study period.
Cohort
Can study multiple exposures and multiple outcome.
Cohort
Advantages of pop based case control:
Avoidance of bias arising from whatever selection factors lead an affected individual to utilize a particular health care facility or physician/
NULL should be:
1 (one)
When the investigator is interested to use rare outcome. He or she may use?
Case control
Temporal association between risk factor and disease refers to:
Cause and effect
Hurricane Katrina and cholera outbreak
Point epidemic
Exposure and outcome simultaneously
Cross-sectional
Average exposure than individual info
Ecological
Attributed Fraction Exposure can be determined
Case control
Measures disease association for case-control
Odds ratio
A normal probability distribution is an example of :
a. Hypergeometric distribution
b. Continuous probability distribution
c. Discrete probability distribution
d. Binomial trial
e. None of the above
b. Continuous probability distribution
Suppose that a group of 100 males aged 60 – 64 received a new vaccines in 1986 and that 5 out of them died within the next year. How likely are at least 2 out of 100 60-64-year-old males who received a flu vaccine to die in the next year?
a. 0.03443
b. 0.124917
c. 0.01111
d. 0.000051
e. None of the above
e. None of the above
This distribution is widely used because of its capacity to approximate other probabilities.
a. Binomial probability distribution
b. Poisson probability distribution
c. Normal probability distribution
c. Normal probability distribution
One of the most common laboratory tests performed on any routine medical examination is a blood count. The two main aspects to a blood count are (1) counting the number of white blood cells (referred to as the “white count”) and (2) differentiating white blood cells that do exist into five categories, namely, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils (referred to as the “differential”). Both the white count and the differential are extensively used in making clinical diagnoses. We will concentrate here on the differential, particularly on the distribution of the number of neutrophils k out of 100 white blood cells (which is the typical number counted). We will see that the number of neutrophils follows a binomial distribution. Reconsider the problem above with 5 cells rather than 100 and ask the more limited question. How many possible combinations can we attain if the second and the fifth cells considered will be neutrophils and the remaining cells nonneutrophils given that the probability that any one cell is a neutrophil is 0.6? Based on the computation done by the biostatistician, the total number of combinations are 10.
a. True
b. False
b. False
The average zinc concentration recovered from a sample of zinc measurements in 36 different locations was found to be 2.6 grams per milliliter. The point estimate of the mercury concentration is 2.6
a. True
b. False
b. False
If you were to conduct a research in a slum community. Houses are not listed. The best sampling would be:
a. Systematic sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Simple random
a. Systematic sampling
It assumes the equality of the members of the population to be selected:
a. Systematic sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Simple random
d. Simple random
Stratified sampling Requires the computation of sampling interval
a. True
b. False
b. False
Non probability sampling includes the following except:
a. Purposive sampling
b. Haphazard sampling
c. Simple random sampling
d. Quota sampling
c. Simple random sampling
In a sample of 30 households from a population of 500, compute for the sampling interval, k.
a. 6
b. 0.06
c. 16.6
d. Cannot be computed
c. 16.6
When data are collected in a statistical study for only a portion or subset of all elements of interest we are using the sample
a. True
b. False
a. True
In statistics, a population consists of:
a. all people living in a country
b. all people living in the area under study
c. all subjects or objects whose characteristics are being studied
d. none of the above
c. all subjects or objects whose characteristics are being studied
In descriptive statistics, we study:
a. the description of decision making process
b. the methods for organizing, displaying, and describing data
c. how to describe the probability distribution
d. none of the above
b. the methods for organizing, displaying, and describing data
In inferential statistics, we study:
a. the methods to make decisions about population based on sample results
b. how to make decisions about mean, median, or mode
c. how a sample is obtained from a population
a. the methods to make decisions about population based on sample results
You asked five of your classmates about their height. On the basis of this information, you stated that the average height of all students in your university or college is 67 inches. This is an example of:
a. descriptive statistics
b. inferential statistics
c. parameter
d. population
b. inferential statistics
In statistics, conducting a census means making decisions based on sample information
a. True
b. False
b. False
In statistics, a representative sample is the sample that represents the result of the sample being estimated.
a. True
b. False
b. False
A statistician wants to determine the total annual medical costs incurred by all U.S. states from 1981 to 2001 as a result of health problems related to smoking. She polls each of the fifty states annually to obtain health care expenditures, in dollars, on smoking-related illnesses. The data being collected is qualitative variable
a. True
b. False
b. False
A summary measure that is computed from a sample to describe a characteristic of the population is called statistic
a. True
b. False
a. True
Which statement/s is/are true of a frequency polygon?
a. This is used for discontinuous data
b. This is used to determine the relationship between 2 quantitative variable
c. This is used for discrete variable
d. We are interested with measurement of area.
e. None of the above
d. We are interested with measurement of area.
In this distribution, the points above the median will tend to be farther from the median in absolute value than points below the median.
a. Skewed to the right distribution
b. Normal distribution
c. Skewed to the left distribution
d. None of the above
a. Skewed to the right distribution
Set of all possible outcomes
a. Observation
b. sample space
c. Event
d. Element
e. none of the above
b. sample space
Numerical or categorical data:
a. observation
b. sample space
c. Event
d. Element
e. none of the above
a. observation
Each outcome in a sample space
a. Observation
b. sample space
c. element
d. none of the above
c. element
Subset of a sample space:
a. Observation
b. sample space
c. Event
d. Element
c. Event
The following describes normal distribution, except:
a. Measurements tend to cluster around the mean
b. tails extend infinitely in either direction touching the x axis
c. Equality of the mode and median
d. None of the above
b. tails extend infinitely in either direction touching the x axis
Determines the shape of the normal curve, except:
a. σ
b. α
c. μ
d. None of the above is an exception
b. α
Object or a person on which a measurement is actually taken or an observation is made:
a. element
b. sampling unit
c. sampling frame
d. sampling population
a. element
A data set is a:
a. set of decisions made about the population
b. set of graphs and pictures
c. collection of observations on a variable
d. none of the above
c. collection of observations on a variable
An observation is the:
a. graph observed for a data set
b. value of a variable for a single element
c. table prepared for a data set
d. sample observed from the population
b. value of a variable for a single element
A statistician wants to determine the total annual medical costs incurred by all U.S. states from 1981 to 2001 as a result of health problems related to smoking. She polls each of the fifty states annually to obtain health care expenditures, in dollars, on smoking-related illnesses. Which one of the following is not a true statement?
a. The population is all U.S. states.
b. The sample is the same as the population.
c. The data collected are qualitative data.
d. Each state can be considered an element of the study
c. The data collected are qualitative data.
As part of a study on worker productivity, three employees (John, Mary, and Chris) are asked at the end of a particular work week to estimate how long, in minutes, their morning coffee breaks were on each day of that week. Which one of the following lists describes the elements, or members, of the sample?
a. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday
b. 14.5 minutes
c. 15 minutes, 12 minutes, 11 minutes, 14 minutes, 16 minutes
d. John, Mary, Chris
d. John, Mary, Chris
A data set with a mean of 111.26, median of 112, and mode of 115 is:
a. Approximately normally distributed data points
b. Considerably skewed to the right
c. Having a 50th percentile of 115
d. Considerably skewed to the right
e. None of the above
a. Approximately normally distributed data points
If a sample space contains a finite number of possibilities or an unending sequence with as many elements as there are whole numbers, it is called a
a. discrete sample space
b. continuous sample space
c. Random variable
d. Sample space
e. None of the above
a. discrete sample space
If a sample space contains an infinite number of possibilities equal to the number of points on a line segment, it is called a :
a. discrete sample space
b. continuous sample space
c. Random variable
d. Sample space
e. None of the above
b. continuous sample space
A normal probability distribution is an example of:
a. Universal space
b. Continuous probability distribution
c. Discrete probability distribution
d. Binomial trial
e. None of the above
b. Continuous probability distribution
If two events A and B cannot both happen at the same time, which is/are true.
a. Events A and B are mutually exclusive
b. P(A B) = P(A) + P(B)
c. P(A B) =
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
d. All of the above
Let A be the event that a person has normotensive diastolic blood-pressure (DBP) readings (i.e. DBP < 90), and let B be the event that a person has borderline DBP readings (i.e. DBP 90 and < 95). Suppose that P(A) = .7, P(B)=.1. Let C be the event that a person has DBP < 95. Find C.
a. 0.07
b. 0.73
c. 0.6
d. 0.8
e. None of the above
d. 0.8
The 90th percentile is the value of the systolic blood pressure level, which 90% of non-hypertensive men have systolic blood pressure levels equal to or lower than this value in the normal curve. This means that to the right of this value belongs to 10% of the distribution
a. One cannot determine
b. Not necessarily true
c. True
d. False
e. None of the above
c. True
Below is the data taken from a screening test for HIV that was performed on a group of 100,000 people.
How many individuals are considered as having a true negative result?
a. 475
b. 4,975
c. 25
d. 94,525
e. 99,500
d. 94,525
Below is the data taken from a screening test for HIV that was performed on a group of 100,000 people.
How many individuals are considered as having a true positive result?
a. 475
b. 4,975
c. 25
d. 94,525
e. 500
a. 475
Below is the data taken from a screening test for HIV that was performed on a group of 100,000 people.
How many individuals are considered as having false negative result?
a. 4,975
b. 25
c. 94,525
d. 94,550
e. 475
b. 25
Below is the data taken from a screening test for HIV that was performed on a group of 100,000 people.
How many individuals are considered as having a false positive result?
a. 475
b. 4,975
c. 25
d. 94,525
e. 5,450
b. 4,975
Below is the data taken from a screening test for HIV that was performed on a group of 100,000 people.
The sensitivity of the screening test is the probability that the symptom is present given that the person has the disease
a. 0.95
b. 0.087
c. 0.99
d. None of the above
a. 0.95
Below is the data taken from a screening test for HIV that was performed on a group of 100,000 people.
The specificity of the screening test is the probability that the symptom is not present given that the person does not have the disease
a. 0.99
b. 0.99
c. 0.95
d. 0.087
e. None of the above
c. 0.95
When sensitivity is high, one can rule in the disease:
a. True
b. False
b. False
When specificity is high, one can rule out the disease:
a. True
b. False
b. False
Even when a test has a high specificity and high sensitivity, you are still going to get a high false positive rate if you are screening a large population where the prevalence rate of the disease is low (as shown in CASE 1-HIV). This would indicate that the false positive rate is not just a function of sensitivity and specificity but it is also a function of a prevalence rate of the disease in the population you are testing:
a. True
b. False
A. True
A group of surgeons and anesthesiologists wanted to investigate the relationship between type of anesthesia and post-operative pulmonary infection. They enrolled 215 patients, determined the type of anesthesia given and followed them up to determine post-operative pulmonary infection. The following 2 x 2 table was generated.
What is the risk of having post-operative pulmonary infection given that the patient is exposed to general anesthesia?
a. 143/146
b. 143/160
c. 143/215
d. None of the above
b. 143/160
A group of surgeons and anesthesiologists wanted to investigate the relationship between type of anesthesia and post-operative pulmonary infection. They enrolled 215 patients, determined the type of anesthesia given and followed them up to determine post-operative pulmonary infection. The following 2 x 2 table was generated.
What is the risk of having post-operative pulmonary infection given that the patient is exposed to spinal anesthesia?
a. 3/146
b. 3/55
c. 3/215
d. None of the above
b. 3/55
A group of surgeons and anesthesiologists wanted to investigate the relationship between type of anesthesia and post-operative pulmonary infection. They enrolled 215 patients, determined the type of anesthesia given and followed them up to determine post-operative pulmonary infection. The following 2 x 2 table was generated.
How many patients are considered as having a true positive result?
a. 143
b. 146
c. 3
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
A group of surgeons and anesthesiologists wanted to investigate the relationship between type of anesthesia and post-operative pulmonary infection. They enrolled 215 patients, determined the type of anesthesia given and followed them up to determine post-operative pulmonary infection. The following 2 x 2 table was generated.
How many patients are considered as having a true negative result?
a. 52
b. 69
c. 17
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
What type of variable is the “type of anesthesia used?”
a. qualitative variable
b. Discrete quantitative variable
c. Continuous quantitative variable
d. None of the above
a. qualitative variable
What type of variable is the “post-operative pulmonary infection?”
a. qualitative variable
b. Discrete quantitative variable
c. Continuous quantitative variable
d. None of the above
a. qualitative variable
A group of surgeons and anesthesiologists wanted to investigate the relationship between type of anesthesia and post-operative pulmonary infection. They enrolled 215 patients, determined the type of anesthesia given and followed them up to determine post-operative pulmonary infection.
How many individuals are considered as having post-operative pulmonary infection?
a. 143
b. 3
c. 146
d. None of the above
c. 146
A group of surgeons and anesthesiologists wanted to investigate the relationship between type of anesthesia and post-operative pulmonary infection. They enrolled 215 patients, determined the type of anesthesia given and followed them up to determine post-operative pulmonary infection.
What is the rate of post-operative pulmonary infection among the patients enrolled in the study?
a. 143/163
b. 3/55
c. 146/215
c. 146/215
Identify the dependent variable considered in the study.
a. type of anesthesia
b. Post-operative pulmonary infection
b. Post-operative pulmonary infection
Identify the independent variable considered in the study:
a. type of anesthesia
b. Post-operative pulmonary infection
a. type of anesthesia
Use your z table in answering.
Find the area from 0 to 0.1
a. 0.5
b. 0.5398
c. 0.0398
d. None of the above
c. 0.0398
The Hemoglobin level of household heads in Calinan, Davao City has a mean of 12.63 gm% and standard deviation of 2.45 gm%. The cut-off point used is 7 gm%: Compute z for the cut-off point. (Show your computation using the extra-sheet).
a. 1.45
b. 2.29
c. – 1.45
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
Using the same case in Question # 42, what is the probability that a person would be classified as having severe anemia (if the cut-off point used is 7 gm%)? (Use the attached table: areas in one tail of the normal curve at selected values).
a. 0.0110
c. 0.0735
d. 0.110
e. None of the above
a. 0.0110
If the distribution of systolic blood pressure of non-hypertensive men is known to be approximately normal, with a mean of 110 mmHg and standard deviation of 15 mmHg. What is the proportion of non-hypertensive men who have systolic blood pressure above 115 mmHg?
a. 0.3707
b. 0.3557
c. 0.3336
d. None of the above
a. 0.3707
Suppose a borderline hypertensive is defined as a person whose diastolic blood pressure is between 90 and 95 mm Hg inclusive, and the subject are 35-44 year-old males whose blood pressures are normally distributed with mean 80 and variance 144. What is the probability that a randomly selected normotensive individual has a diastolic blood pressure above 85 mmHg?
a. 0.3327
b. 0.6628
c. 0.1339
d. None of the above
c. 0.1339
What is the proportion that a randomly selected individual has a diastolic blood pressure more than 95 mmHg?
a. 0.8944
b. 0.1056
c. 1.25
d. None of the above
b. 0.1056
2.0
a. 0.0228
b. 2.0
c. 0.222
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
1.49
a. 0.0808
b. 0.0287
c. 0.0581
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
2.5
a. 0.9938
b. 0.0062
c. 0.0048
d. None of the above
a. 0.9938
The measurement of this descriptive statistic is very sensitive to extreme values.
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) None of the above
a) Mean
The rationale of this measure is to ensure an equal number of sample points on both sides of the central location.
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
