Intensive 1 Flashcards
What are the structural / anatomical divisions of the Nervous System
Structural / anatomical divisions include:
- The central nervous system (Brain, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord).
- The peripheral nervous system (Cranial nerves and their ganglia + spinal nerves and their ganglia
What are the functional classifications of the nervous system?
Functional classifications of the nervous system include sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) divisions.
Each functional branch (sensory & motor) contains nerves that either detect sensory information or deliver motor signals to either somatic tissue (muscles etc involved in voluntary movement) or visceral tissue (organs, glands - involuntary movements / secretions).
The visceral efferent system is also called the autonomic nervous system (ANS = Parasympathetic + Sympathetic)
Additionally the visceral tissues receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic input. Grossly speaking parasympathetic inputs increase visceral functions such as digestion and decrease voluntary movement associated functions; where as sympathetic input decreases visceral functions such as digestion and increase somatic associated functions (ie respiratory rate, heart rate etc).
What is the general role of the afferent (sensory) division somatic nervous system?
The general role of the afferent somatic nervous system is to detect changes in the external environment.
Afferent somatic receptors detect change in the external environment > convey change to CNS > response issued as determined (often delivered via efferent somatic signals).
For example:
Afferent somatic receptors detect heat on hand that touches hot surface > sensory input conveyed to CNS > efferent somatic nerves deliver message to muscles of arm / hand to withdraw hand from hot surface.
What is the general role of the visceral afferent (sensory) nervous system?
The general role of the visceral afferent nervous system is to detect changes within the internal environment.
For example distension of the digestive tract is detected by visceral afferent nervous system which conveys stimuli to the CNS > CNS responds via the autonomic NS (parasympathetic or sympathetic) > the visceral efferent may respond to promote digestion / peristaltic contraction to promote digestion.
At it’s most basic / fundamental level, what is the role of the nervous system?
The most basic / fundamental function of the nervous system is to detect (afferent division) changes in our environment (both external to the body and internally) > to process this information in the CNS > to respond to changes as required (efferent division).
What does the term ganglia refer to?
Ganglia are collections of peripheral nerve cell / neuron cell bodies. (PNS = outside of CNS)
What is another more common term for the Visceral efferent nervous system?
The Autonomic nervous system describes the visceral efferent nervous system. It has two divisions; the Parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions.
In general terms, what is the roles of the two divisions of the Visceral efferent (motor division) of the nervous system (commonly known as the Autonomic nervous system - ANS)?
Parasympathetic: ‘Rest and digest.’
Sympathetic: ‘Fight, flight, fright.’
What constitutes the grey and white matter of the brain?
The grey matter in the brain contains neuronal cell bodies (neurons cell bodies, dendrites & neuroglia).
*Synapses occur in grey matter.
The white matter contains no neuron cell bodies but millions of axons and neuroglia).
*White matter connects different parts of the CNS
Label the basic brain structures image attached
Cerebrum (R & L cerebral hemispheres)
Cerebellum
Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
What is the grey matter sheets called that line the outer layer of the (i) cerebral hemispheres; & (ii) the cerebellum
The grey matter / sheets forming the outer layer of the cerebrum and cerebellum are called:
(i) the cerebral cortex
(ii) the cerebella cortex
Label the ventricles of the brain in the image attached.
What are the three types of white matter?
The three types of white matter include (i) Association fibres, (ii) Commissural fibres and (iii) Projection fibres.
What is the role of white matter: commissural fibres?
Commissural fibres connect the R & L cerebral hemispheres for example the Forceps Major in the posterior aspect of the brain connects the R & L Occipital lobes.
What is the role of the white matter association fibers?
Association fibres connect different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere with each other.
There are two types of association fibres (short and long). Short connect within the same gyrus and long connect distant regions of the same lobe, such as the Arcuate fasiculus, Superior longitudinal, Inferior longitudinal fibres and the Uncinate fasiculus.
What is the largest commissural fibre region in the brain?
The Corpous Callosum
It connects all the parts of the R & L cerebral hemispheres (except the anterior and inferior parts of the temporal lobe).
What is the role of white matter projection fibres?
The role of projection fibres (white matter) is to connect higher brain centres to lower centres. For example the internal capsule which contains the cortico-spinal track (cortex > spinal cord).
There are ascending and descending projection fibres.
Projection fibres connect the cortex to ie, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord.
What is the role of the Arcuate fasiculus
The Arcuate fasiculus is a long association fibre (white matter) that connects Wernike’s area with Broca’s motor and speech area.
What does the brain consist of?
(i) Neurons; grey matter (neuronal cell bodies) & white matter (neuronal axons),
(ii) Neuro glial cells (support cells ie astrocytes)
(iii) the ventricular system
What sections of the brain stem is connect to the cerebellum posteriorly?
All three sections of the brain stem (midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata) are connected to the cerebellum posteriorly.
Which part of the brain stem continues into the spinal cord?
The medulla oblongata, the most inferior part of the brain stem extends inferiorly to become the spinal cord.
Label the following diagram and explain the fundamental purpose of this anatomical structure for the cerebral hemispheres.
The elevations are called gyri and the groves are called sulci. They function to increase brain surface area.
Label the main gyri of the cerebrum.
The main gyri of the cerebrum include the central sulcus, the occipital sulcus and the lateral sulcus (Sylvian Fissure).
Which sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum?
The central sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum.
The central sulcus lies between which two cerebral lobes?
The central sulcus lies in between the frontal and parietal lobes.
What is the name of the sulcus which lies between the parietal and occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?
The parieto-occipital sulci lies between the parietal and occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.
What is the name of the sulcus that separates the parietal & frontal lobes from the temporal lobe of the cerebrum?
The lateral suclus separates the parietal & frontal lobes from the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.
What is the name of the sulcus that separates the parietal & frontal lobes from the temporal lobe of the cerebrum?
The lateral suclus separates the parietal & frontal lobes from the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.
The lateral suclus separates which lobes of the cerebrum?
The lateral suclus separates the parietal & frontal lobes from the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.
Label the attached diagram depicting the key sulci of the frontal lobe.
From clockwise (starting at 12 position) the key frontal lob sulci include: (i) pre-central sulcus; (ii) superior frontal sulcus; and (iii) inferior frontal sulcus.
Label the following drawing outlining the different frontal lobe gyri.
The frontal lobe gyri inlcude:
(i) precentral gyri
(ii) Superior frontal gyri
(iii) Middle frontal gyri
(iV) Inferior frontal gyri
Label the following image detailing the temporal lobe sulci.
The most superior of the temporal lobe sulci is called the superior temporal sulci and the most inferior is the inferior temporal sulci.
Label the following drawing detailing the main temporal lobe gyri
The main gyri of the temporal lobe includes the superior, middle and inferior temporal lobe gyri.
What are the primary sulci of the parietal lobe?
(i) the post central sulci runs parallel and posterior to the central sulcus in the parietal lobe.
What is the name of the gyrus that lies superior and posterior to the lateral sulcus?
The supramarginal gyrus lies superior and posterior to the lateral sulcus.
What is the name of the gyrus that lies posterior to the central gyrus?
The post central gyrus is part of the parietal lobe and lies posterior to the central gyrus.
What is the names of the three primary gyri in the parietal lobe?
(i) the postcentral gyrus,
(ii) the supramarginal gyrus, and
(iii) angular gyrus.
What is the name of the most inferior parietal gyri?
The angular gyrus is the most inferior of the parietal lobe gyri.
Label the following general CNS structures.
Pink - Brainstem
Blue - Right cerebral hemisphere
Green - Cerebellum
Yellow - Diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus)
Identify this structure on a mid sagittal section of the brain.
This is the central sulcus. Barely noticeable on the the mid sagittal section.
Identify this structural landmark in a mid sagittal section of the brain.
This image shows the parieto-occipital sulcus.
Identify the different lobes of the R cerebral hemisphere in this mid sagittal section.
Green - frontal lobe
Pink - parietal lobe
Blue - occipital lobe
Yellow - temporal lobe
What are the three structural / developmental divisions of the brain?
The proencephalon (forebrain) is comprised of what two components?
The procencephalon is comprised of the Telencephalon (cerebral cortex) and the Diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus).
The Diencephalon is comprised of what two components?
The Diencephalon is comprised of the thalamus & hypothalamus.
The Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) is comprised of what three components?
The Rhombencephalon is comprised of:
(i) Pons,
(ii) Medulla, &
(iii) Cerebellum
Within the diencephalon, the hypothalamus is located where in relation to the thalamus?
Within the diencephalon, the hypothalamus is located superiorly, inferiorly and medially to the thalamus.
Where is the diencephalon (part of the proencephalon) located?
The diencephalon lies superior to the brain stem. It resembles to egg shaped structures laying superior to the midbrain - one on each side of the midline.
Where is the attachment point of the proencephalon (forbrain) and the mesencephalon (midbrain)?
The proencephalon (forbrain) is connected to the mesencephalon (midbrain).
Where is the telencephalon (part of the proencephalon) located?
The telencephalon is attached to the mid brain and covers the midbrain and diencephalon.
What is the name of the collection of projection fibres that run anteriorly through the midbrain.
The cerebral peduncle is the name of the collection of projection fibres that run anteriorly through the midbrain.
What is the name of the collection of projections fibres that connect the cerebellum to the midbrain?
The collection of projection fibres that connect the cerebellum to the midbrain is called the superior cerebellar peduncle
What is the name of the collection of projections fibres that connect the cerebellum to the pons?
The middle cerebella peduncle connects the cerebellum to the pons.
What is the name of the collection of projections fibres that connect the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata?
The inferior cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata.
The ventricles of the CNS persist from what aspect of the brains development?
The brain develops from a tubular structure, therefore the ventricles persist from the tubular form.
What is the name of the ventricle for the telencephalon (cerebral cortex).
The lateral ventricles form the ventricles for the Right and Left lobes of the cerebral cortex.
What is the name of the ventricle for the diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus?
The 3rd ventricle is the name of the ventricle for the diencephalon.
What is the name of the ventricle / retained tubular brain development structure in the midbrain?
The Aqueduct of Sylvius, located within the midbrain connects the 3rd ventricle of the diencephalon with the 4th ventricle of the pons & medulla oblongata.
What is the name of the ventricle located within the hindbrain / Rhombencephalon?
The 4th ventricle runs within the hindbrain, specifically the pons and the medulla oblongata before transitioning into the central canal of the spinal cord.
Label the attached drawing (ventricles etc)
Detail which developmental region of the brain from which the following ventricles arise.
(i) Lateral ventricles
(ii) 3rd ventricle,
(iii) Aqueduct of Sylvius, &
(iv) 4th ventricle.
(i) Lateral ventricles - Telencephalon (procencephalon).
(ii) 3rd ventricle - Diencephalon (procencephalon).
(iii) Aqueduct of Sylvius - Midbrain (mesencephalon), &
(iv) 4th ventricle - Pons and medulla oblongata (rhombencephalon).
Locate in the attached image the parahippocampal gyrus.
9 indicates the parahippocampal gyrus which is part of the medial temporal lobe ( a grey matter cortical area adjacent to the hippocampus.
Locate in the attached image the: cingulate gyrus.
The cingulate gyrus is identified as #### in this image. It is a key part of the limbic system.
Locate in the attached image the supramarginal gyrus.
The supramarginal gyrus is identified as #6 in this image. Along with Wernicke’s area, and the angular gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus is involved with the comprehension / reception of language.
Locate in the attached image the angular gyrus.
The angular gyrus is identified as #8 in this image. Along with Wernicke’s area and the supramarginal gyrus, the angular gyrus is involved with the comprehension / reception of language.
