Intelligence II

Question 1

What are self-reports?

Answer 1

It’s a type of survey, questionnaire, or poll in which respondents read the question and select a response by themselves without any outside interference…“asking people how smart they are”

Question 2

What is the problem with self-reports though?

Answer 2

double curse of incompetence and metacognitive skills

Question 3

What are metacognitive skills?

Answer 3

Metacognition refers to knowledge of our own knowledge. People with poor metacognitive skills in a given domain may overestimate their performance…because they don’t know what they don’t know

Question 4

What is double curse of incompetence?

Answer 4

Evidence suggests that people with poor cognitive skills are especially likely to overestimate their intellectual abilities…This “double curse of incompetence,” as psychologists sometimes term it, may explain why some people perform poorly in school and on the job, even though they’re convinced they’re performing well.

Question 5

Who is Alfred Binet? and what is he known best for?

Answer 5

Alfred Binet is best known for psychometrics.. He, alongside another colleague developed an objective psychological test that would separate “slower” learners from other children without having to rely on the subjective judgments of teachers.

Question 6

What is the formula for intelligence thinking?

Answer 6

IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100

Question 7

What is mental age?

Answer 7

The mental ability of a typical age group, for example I could be 16 with the performing ability age of 12

Question 8

What is chronological age?

Answer 8

Real age

Question 9

Who introduced calculating IQ?

Answer 9

David Wechsler

Question 10

What is deviation IQ?

Answer 10

Expression of a person’s IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers…

Question 11

What is WAIS, and what does it stand for?

Answer 11

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - In IQ testing today it’s the most widely used intelligence
test for adults today, consisting of 15 subtests to assess different types of mental abilities

Question 12

What are the 5 major scores in WAIS?

Answer 12

The WAIS-IV yields five major scores: (1) overall IQ, (2) verbal comprehension, (3) perceptual reasoning, (4) working memory, and (5) processing speed.

Question 13

Is WAIS reliable?

Answer 13

It’s relatively reliable, good for diagnosing people with mental and intellectual abilities

Question 14

What are culture-fair IQ test

Answer 14

Abstract reasoning measure that doesn’t depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests are

Question 15

What is the best known culture fair IQ test?

Answer 15

Raven’s Progressive
Matrices

Question 16

What is Raven’s Progressive
Matrices test?

Answer 16

The test is designed to measure your non-verbal group test, abstract, and cognitive functioning…In each test question in the Raven’s Matrices test, the child is asked to identify the missing item that completes a pattern..

Question 17

What is the bell curve?

Answer 17

Its a distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall toward the middle, with progressively fewer scores toward the “tails” or extremes

Question 18

What is intellectual disability?

Answer 18

Condition characterized by an onset before adulthood, an IQ below about 70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning

Question 19

What intellectual disability stats was prof ma talking about in her lecture?

Answer 19

About 1 percent of persons in the United States, most of them males, fulfill the criteria for intellectual disability (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The current system of psychiatric diagnosis classifies intellectual disability into four categories: mild (once called educable), moderate (once called trainable), severe, and profound…

Question 20

What are the 4 levels of intellectual disability?

Answer 20

1. Mild
2. Moderate
3. Severe
4. Profound

Question 21

Mild and severe forms of Intellectual disability

Answer 21

Mild forms of intellectual disability are typically due to a mix of genetic and environmental influences that parents pass on to their children. In contrast, severe forms of intellectual disability are more often the result of rare genetic mutations or accidents during birth, neither of which tend to be transmitted within families.

Question 22

There are over 200 causes..in which include…

Answer 22

• Genetic causes
• Fragile X syndrome
• Down syndrome
• Environmental factors

Question 23

What are the two common genetic conditions associated with intellectual disability?

Answer 23

Two of the most common genetic conditions associated with intellectual disability are frag- ile X syndrome, which is produced by a mutation on the X chromosome (females have two copies of this chromosome; males, only one), and Down syndrome, which is the result of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Most children with Down syndrome have either mild or moderate intellectual disability.

Question 24

What are family studies?

Answer 24

Family studies allow us to determine the extent to which a trait “runs” or goes together in intact families, those in which all family members live in the same home.

Question 25

What is twin study?

Answer 25

Analysis of how traits differ in identical versus fraternal twins

Question 26

What is adoption study?

Answer 26

analysis of how traits vary in individuals raised apart from their biological relatives

Question 27

What is epigenetics?

Answer 27

a field that examines how environmental influences affect the expression of genes

Question 28

Heritability

Answer 28

Degree to which variation in a trait stems from genetic differences among individuals.

Example: So, if the heritability of a trait is 60 percent, that means that more than half of the differences among individuals in their levels of that trait are due to differences in their genes. By defini- tion, the other 40 percent is due to differences in their environments. Some traits, like height, are highly heritable

Question 29

The Flynn Effect

Answer 29

Finding that states average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately three points per decade

• In the 1980s, political scientist James Flynn noticed something decidedly odd. Over time, the average IQ of the population was rising at a rate of about three points per decade, a phenomenon now known as the Flynn effect. The magnitude of the Flynn effect is mind-boggling. It suggests that, on average, our IQs are a full 10 to 15 points higher than those of our grandparents

Question 30

Reaction range

Answer 30

Genes set boundaries or limits for range of
phenotypes based on environment.

Question 31

Genotype

Answer 31

our genetic makeup

Question 32

Phenotype

Answer 32

our observable traits

Question 33

Dominant gene

Answer 33

gene that masks other genes’ effects

Question 34

Recessive gene

Answer 34

gene that is expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene

Question 35

Genotypes and Phenotypes

Answer 35

We can’t easily infer people’s genotypes by observing their pheno- types. In part, that’s because our phenotypes are shaped by environmental influences, such as parenting and life stressors in the case of our personality traits. Genotypes and phenotypes also differ because some genes are dominant, meaning they mask other genes’ effects. In contrast, other genes are recessive, meaning they’re expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene.

Question 36

SEX DIFFERENCES IN IQ

Answer 36

Numerous studies reveal that men are more variable in their overall IQ scores than women are. So although men don’t appear to have
than the distribution of women. As higher average IQs than women do, there are more men at both the low and the high ends of the IQ bell curve. We don’t know the reason for this difference; researchers have, not surprisingly, proposed both genetic and environmental explanations.

Females: Better verbal ability
Males: Better spatial ability

Question 37

the middle.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SPECIFIC MENTAL ABILITIES

Answer 37

Women tend to do better than men on some verbal tasks, like spelling, writing, and
pronouncing words. This sex difference may have a hormonal component; even within women, some research suggests that verbal ability ebbs and flows along with the level of estrogen, a sex hormone that’s more plentiful in women than in men. In one study, women were best at quickly repeating tongue twisters (like “A box of mixed biscuits in a biscuit mixer”) when their estrogen levels were at their peak.

Question 38

DOES SCHOOLING MAKE US SMARTER? (environmental influences)

Answer 38

Schooling does make you smarter and raise your IQ, a child who went to school will have a higher IQ then a child who didn’t even though they have the same age

Question 39

POVERTY AND IQ

Answer 39

Poverty does have an affect on IQ. Along with poverty often comes inadequate diet. Studies from poor areas in Central America suggest that malnutrition in childhood, especially if prolonged, can lower IQ.

Question 40

LEAD AND IQ

Answer 40

Poor children are also especially likely to be exposed to lead as a result of drinking lead-contaminated water, breathing lead-contaminated dust, or eating lead paint chips. Such exposure is also associated with intellectual deficits.

Question 41

BOOSTING IQ BY EARLY INTERVENTION

Answer 41

a controversial article in the late 1960s, psychologist Arthur Jensen contended that IQ is highly heritable and therefore difficult to modify by means of environmental intervention. Yet he raised an important question: Can we boost IQ with early educational interventions?
Some of the best evidence comes from studies of Head Start, a preschool program launched in the 1960s to give disadvantaged children a “jump-start” by offering them an enriched educational experience. The hope was that this program would allow them to catch up intellectually to other children. Dozens of studies of Head Start programs have yielded consistent results, and they’ve been somewhat disappointing. On the positive side, these programs produce short-term increases in IQ, especially among children from deprived environments. Although this knowledge fades overtime after the program ends.

Question 42

Cumulative deficit hypothesis

Answer 42

The cumulative deficit hypothesis proposes that under conditions of marked social and environmental deprivation growth and development deficits in children will augment as children grow older.

Question 43

Racial IQ differences

Answer 43

On average, African Americans and Hispanic Americans score lower than Caucasian American do on standard IQ tests, and Asian Americans score higher than Caucasians do. Among Caucasians in the United States, the IQs of Jews are slightly higher than those of non-Jews. The average IQ difference between Caucasians and African Americans, which some researchers have estimated to be as high as 15 points, has received by far the most attention.

Question 44

WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN IQ?

Answer 44

Some researchers have pointed out that IQ is heritable and have concluded that racial differences must therefore be due at least partly to genetic influences. Yet this is a faulty conclusion based on a misun- derstanding of how the heritability of a trait among individuals within a group relates to the heritability of this trait between groups.

Question 45

within-group heritability

Answer 45

extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced

Question 46

between-group heritability

Answer 46

extent to which differences in a trait between groups is genetically influenced