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psy 202 > Emotion II and Motivation > Flashcards

Emotion II and Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

James-Lange theory

A

theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli

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2
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

theory proposing that an emotion- provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions

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3
Q

two-factor theory

A

theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal

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4
Q

According to their two-factor theory, two psychological events are required to produce an emotion…..

A
  1. After encountering an emotion-provoking event, we experience an undifferentiated state of arousal, that is, alertness. By “undifferentiated,” Schachter and Singer meant that this arousal is the same across all emotions.
  2. We then seek to explain the source of this autonomic arousal. Once we attribute the arousal to an occurrence
    either within us or in the external environment we experience an emotion. Once we figure out what’s making us aroused, we “label” that arousal with an emotion. This labeling process, Schachter and Singer proposed, typically occurs so rapidly that we’re not aware of it. According to this view, emotions are the explanations we attach to our arousal.
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5
Q

Example of two factor theory

A

Adrenalin injection = arousal =
appraisal: “Why am I feeling this way?”

  • If informed of the drug’s effects =
    appraisal: “The drug made me feel this
    way” = not much subjective experience
  • If uninformed of the drug’s effect:
    appraisal: “The behaviours of this person made me feel this way” = feel happy (euphoria condition) or angry (anger condition)
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6
Q

The theories all together..

A

James-Lange theory: (1) Stimulus =
(2) Bodily reactions = (3) subjective emotional experience

Cannon-Bard theory: (1) Stimulus = (2) Bodily reactions and subjective emotional experience simultaneously

Two-factor theory: (1) Stimulus = (2) Arousal + appraisal = subjective emotional experience

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7
Q

Posture

A

Perception of emotions through bodily poses

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8
Q

nonverbal leakage

A

Unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour, such as body language or gestures. Implications can include detecting deception and emption, pain expression and evaluation

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9
Q

Emblems

A

Gestures with conventional meanings (e.g., OK sign, waving, thumbs
up)…gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by members of a culture, such as the hand wave and
nodding of the head.

Yet, other
emblems differ across cultures, which should serve as a word of warning to unwary
foreign travellers. EX the “thumbs up” is a sign of approval among Westerners, but an insult in much of the Muslim world.

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10
Q

Gestures

A

Illustrators vs. Manipulators

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11
Q

Illustrator

A

Gestures come in a seemingly endless variety of forms. When talking, we often use illustrators, gestures that highlight or accentuate speech, such as when we forcefully move our hands forward to make an important point.

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12
Q

Pinocchio response

A

Supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying

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12
Q

Manipulators

A

When stressed out, we may engage in manipulators, gestures in which one body part strokes, presses, bites, or otherwise touches another body part. For example, while cramming for an exam, we may twirl our hair or bite our fingernails.

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13
Q

Can we catch a liar based on their
nonverbal cues?

A

Yes..Research suggests that the best way of finding out whether someone is lying is to listen to what they’re saying rather than how they’re saying it. For example, dishonest statements tend to contain fewer details and fewer qualifiers (such as “I’m not sure about this, but I think that …”) than do truthful statements

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14
Q

Problems with polygraph..

A

The key problem is that the polygraph test confuses arousal with evidence of guilt. The polygraph test is misnamed: It’s an “arousal detector,” not a lie detector..Many people display arousal following relevant questions for reasons other than the anxiety associated with lying, such as the fear of being convicted of a crime they didn’t
commit.

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15
Q

broaden and build theory

A

theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly

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16
Q

What Happiness Is Good For

A

May produce enduring physical and psychological benefits

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17
Q

Optimist

A

a person who tends to be hopeful and confident about the future or the success of something

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18
Q

Pessimists

A

a person who tends to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will happen

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19
Q

Misconceptions of what makes us happy..

A
  • The primary determinant of happiness is what happens to us.
  • People on the West coast are the happiest.
  • Money makes us happy
  • Happiness declines in old age
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19
Q

What really makes us happy..

A
  • Being married
  • Having many friends
  • Graduating college
  • Being deeply religious
  • Political affiliation
  • Level of gratitude
  • Giving to others
  • Being in the midst of flow
20
Q

Are Young People Happier than Older Adults?

A

Not really considering we deal with much more stress and responsibility

21
Q

affective forecasting

A

ability to predict our own and others’ happiness

22
Q

drive reduction theory

A

theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states

22
Q

Impact bias

A

The tendency for people to
overestimate the intensity or
length of future emotions

22
Q

Hedonic treadmill

A

The tendency for people to
quickly return to stable levels of
happiness

23
Q

motivation

A

Internal and external factors that propel us in specific directions, usually toward some goal

23
Q

Secondary drive of drive reduction theory

A

Learned by association with a primary drive

24
Q

Primary drive of drive reduction theory

A

Psychological state in response to an internal physiological need

25
Q

Homeostasis

A

Process through which the body maintains a steady state

26
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Inverted U-shaped relation
between arousal and
performance

27
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Needs are prioritized in a hierarchy..we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs

27
Q

incentive theories

A

theories proposing that we’re often motivated by positive goals

28
Q

The role of hypothalamus (HUNGER DRIVE)

A
  • Ventromedial: Satiety center (stopping eating)
  • Lateral: Hunger center (initiating eating)
29
Q

leptin

A

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

30
Q

Obesity

A

Individuals who are obese also find food difficult to resist because they think about food a lot and find the tasty qualities of food especially rewarding. The mere sight, taste, smell, and thought of plentiful food in our environment can trigger the release of neurotransmitters, including serotonin, that activate the brain’s pleasure circuits. People who are obese also may overeat to provide comfort or distraction to counter negative emotions.

30
Q

Hormones

A

Ghrelin (stomach)
↑ hunger

Cholecystokinin (small intestine)
↓ hunger

30
Q

Sensitivity to Cues and Expectations in obesity

A

Genes don’t completely determine our weight. External cues such as time of day, the opportunity to observe others sample multiple portions of tempting desserts, and expectations also play prominent roles in food consumption. The supersizing of portions called portion distortion has probably contributed to the supersizing of Americans…

31
Q

set point

A

value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain

31
Q

The Role of Genes in Obesity

A

Genes probably exert a substantial influence on our set point and weight. In about 6 percent of cases of severe obesity, a mutation in a major melanocortin-4 receptor gene is responsible. People born with this mutation never seem to feel full, regardless of whether they’ve eaten a strawberry or half a strawberry pie.

32
Q

Fat cells

A
  • Determined by genetics and food intake (e.g., high-fat diet in childhood)
  • Significantly overweight=
    fat cells ↑
  • Obese people may be born with more fat cells
33
Q

internal–external theory

A

theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues like portion size, as well as the taste, smell, and appearance of food, than by internal cues like a growling stomach or feelings of fullness

34
Q

Metabolic rate

A

Obese people may be born with low metabolic rate

34
Q

Sex hormones

A

Testosterone =
↑ sexual desire

35
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin = ↓ sexual desire

Dopamine =↑ sexual desire

35
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

A person’s sexual, emotional attraction to members of the same and/or opposite sex

35
Q

Bem’s “Exotic Becomes Erotic” Theory

A

Interplay of genetic and environmental factors…it is the idea that adults are erotically attracted to the gender-based class of peers (males or females) who were dissimilar or unfamiliar to them in childhood.

36
Q

“Older Brother Effect”

A

Having older brothers increases the odds of male homosexuality by 33 percent for each older brother, amounting to an increase in the rate of homosexuality from about 3–5 percent

36
Q

Homosexual orientations
in twins

A

Genetic relatedness↑ =
concordance rate for
homosexuality ↑

36
Q

Brain Differences in sexuality

A

Possible influence of regions in the hypothalamus on
sexual orientation..

  • Larger corpus callosum in gay men

psy 202 (4 decks)

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