Development and Emotion

Question 1

The 4 Developing Personality Subjects

Answer 1

• Temperament
• Attachment
• Emotional Intelligence
• Moral Development

Question 3

What is temperament?

Answer 3

Behavioral tendencies that have biological origins

Question 4

Dimensions of Temperament

Answer 4

1. Approach-withdrawal
2. Irritability
3. Mood
4. Activity level
5. Attention span
6. Rhythmicity

Question 5

1. Approach-withdrawal

Answer 5

initial response to novelty

Question 6

Mood

Answer 6

general tendency to be happy or unhappy

Question 7

Attention span

Answer 7

ability to focus on one task for a length of time

Question 7

Irritability

Answer 7

increased proneness to anger

Question 8

Activity level

Answer 8

physical energy

Question 9

What are the 3 temperament profiles

Answer 9

Easy (40%) - Positive mood, regular
habits, adaptable

Difficult (10%) - Active, irritable & irregular,
react negatively to novelty

Slow to warm up (15%)-Moody, inactive, slow but eventually adapt to novelty

Question 9

Attachment

Answer 9

Strong emotional bonds with one or more intimate
companions

Question 10

Rhythmicity

Answer 10

predictability in biological functions

Question 11

What is the strange situation

Answer 11

The Strange Situation is a laboratory procedure designed to evaluate attachment style by observing one-year-olds’ reactions to being separated from and then reunited with their primary caregivers, usually their mothers.

The Strange Situation starts out by placing the infant and mother in an unfamiliar room loaded with all kinds of interesting toys the infant is free to explore. The researchers observe
(1) how comfortable the infant is exploring on his or her own

(2) the infant’s emotional reaction when a stranger enters the room

(3) the infant’s response to the mother leaving the infant alone with the stranger and

(4) the infant’s behaviour when the mother returns.

Based on the infant’s behaviour in these stages of the Strange Situation, researchers classify infants’ attachment relationships into one of four categories.

Question 11

Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

Answer 11

Bowlby first developed an interest in how young children were affected by early separation from their parents during World War II. Bowlby predicted and found some compelling
evidence that children who were separated from their primary caretakers before the age of five were significantly more likely to become delinquents and engage in criminal behavior later in their lives.

Question 12

What are the phases of Bowlby Theory

Answer 12

Phases of attachment formation:

1. Asocial phase (0 to 6 weeks)
2. Indiscriminate attachments (6 weeks to 6-7 months)
3. Specific attachment (7 – 9 months)
4. Multiple attachments (by 18 months)

Question 13

Disorganized attachment

Answer 13

5-10% infants

This rarest of attachment styles wasn’t included in the original classification, but was added later by Mary Main and her colleagues. Children with this pattern react to the toys, the stranger, and mom’s departure and return with an inconsistent and confused set of responses. They may appear dazed when reunited with their mom.

Question 13

What are the 4 attachment styles

Answer 13

1. Secure attachment
2. Insecure-avoidant attachment
3. Insecure-anxious attachment
4. Disorganized attachment

Question 14

Secure attachment

Answer 14

60% of infants

The infant explores the room but checks to make sure mom is watching, returns to mom when the stranger enters, reacts to mom’s departure by becoming upset, but greets her return with joy. In essence, the infant uses mom as a secure base: a rock-solid source of support to which to turn in times of trouble

Question 15

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 15

15-20% of infants

The infant explores the room independently without checking in with mom, is indifferent to the entry of the stranger, shows no distress at mom’s departure, and displays little reaction upon her return.

Question 16

Insecure-anxious attachment

Answer 16

15-20% of infants

The infant does not explore the toys without mom’s assistance, shows distress when the stranger enters, reacts to mom’s departure with panic, and shows a mixed emotional reaction upon her return, simultaneously reaching for her yet squirming to get away after she picks him or her up (for this reason, some psychologists refer to this style as “anxious-ambivalent”).

Question 16

Internal Working Model of Attachment

Answer 16

Bowlby’s internal working model of attachment forms the basis of attachment theory, which states that the bond or attachment formed between a child and their caregiver helps the child learn about the world and how to interact with it.

Question 17

Delay of Gratification

Answer 17

The ability to pass up short-term gains for long-term rewards

Question 18

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 18

Abilities that contribute to competent social functioning:

• Self-motivated and persist in the face of frustration
• Control impulses and delay gratification
• Identify/understand one’s own and others’ feelings
• Regulate one’s moods
• Regulate emotional expressions in social interactions
• Empathize with others’ emotions

Question 19

The Marshmallow Experiment

Answer 19

This experiment was conducted by Walter Mischel, he offered the children a choice, eat one treat right away, or wait until the researcher returns and get
two treats (a 15-min. wait).

Question 20

Does early ability to delay gratification predict success later in life?

Answer 20

Yes it does. Preschool-age 15

Question 21

What is morality?

Answer 21

A set of principles and ideals that helps an individual to: * Distinguish right from wrong (cognitive) * Act on this distinction (behavioural) * Feel pride in good conduct and guilt due to bad conduct (emotional)

Question 22

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Answer 22

Present children with hypothetical moral dilemmas (e.g., Heinz’s Dilemma). He believes In the moral reasoning behind the answers and moral reasoning precedes our emotional reactions to moral issues.

Question 23

What are the three levels of moral judgment

Answer 23

1. Preconventional: is marked by a focus on punishment and reward. What’s right is what we’re rewarded for; what’s wrong is what we’re punished for. 2. Conventional: is marked by a focus on societal values. What’s right is what society approves of; what’s wrong is what society disapproves of. 3. Postconventional: is marked by a focus on internal moral principles that may differ from conventional societal values.

Question 24

Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory

Answer 24

1. Cultural Bias: By and large, studies have shown that Kohlberg’s stages generalize across cultures. But some critics have accused Kohlberg of cultural bias, because people from different cultures tend to achieve different scores on his moral development scheme. 2. Sex Bias. Kohlberg’s student broke from her mentor to argue that his system was biased against women. For Gilligan, Kohlberg’s scheme unfairly favors males, who are more likely than women to adopt a “justice” orientation based on abstract principles of fairness, whereas women are more likely than men to adopt a “caring” orientation based on concrete principles of nurturance. 3. Confound with Verbal Intelligence. Responding effectively to Kohlberg’s moral dilem- mas requires some basic smarts. But that fact should make us a bit uneasy, because Kohlberg’s scheme may be measuring people’s ability to understand and talk about problems in general rather than moral problems in particular

Question 25

emotion

Answer 25

mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences

Question 26

What part of the brain does emotion and motivation involve

Answer 26

Both involve the limbic system of the brain * Hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala Emotion: (limbic system) precede thoughts about them (cortex)

Question 27

What are the 3 components to emotion?

Answer 27

1. Physiological reaction 2. Expressive reaction 3. Subjective experience

Question 28

discrete emotions theory

Answer 28

Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in their biology..i.e., primary emotions, that have evolutionary functions and are universal

Question 29

What are the 7 primary emotions

Answer 29

Happiness, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, anger, contempt

Question 30

What about having Botox?

Answer 30

Toxin --> paralyze the frown muscles

Question 31

Why does laughter feel so good?

Answer 31

Muscular exertions --> increase in endorphins

Question 32

What is the Duchenne vs. Pan Am smiles

Answer 32

Duchenne smile: a smile that is not falsified, it is real due to happy emotions Pan Am smiles: a botox "fake" smile

Question 33

cognitive theories of emotion

Answer 33

theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking

Question 34

James–Lange theory of emotion

Answer 34

theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli

Question 35

facial feedback hypothesis by Darwin

Answer 35

theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions