Intelligence Flashcards
Describe the background to intelligence
Very blurry definition and cultural differences.
Western: abstract thinking and logic
Describe mental age and who first mentioned
Alfred Binet: How does a child measure up to the average of children of the same age - BUT intelligence does not increase monotonically with age
What is the original IQ?
(mental age/chronological age) x 100 (average =100) Stanford-Binet scale
Problem: scores for adults as maximun age was 16
What are the modern IQ tests?
Takes multiple things (such as achievements and potential) into account:
Wechslers tests (pre-school, children, adults, achievement)
reviewed Standford-Binet
Kaufman adolescent and adult batteries (job screening and education)
What is VIQ, PIQ & FSIQ?
VIQ= Verbal intelligence score: Verbal comprehension, working memory
PIQ = Performance (non-verbal) intelligence: perceptional reasoning, processing speed
FSIQ= Full-scale intelligence: VIQ+PIQ
What’s the psychometric approach to intelligence?
refines notion of nature of intelligence through examining tests scores:
verbal and non-verbal scores often correlate - is there a common ground between them?
What’s the g factor?
(Spearman): g= general ability (underlying verbal and non-verbal performance)
Correlations aren’t perfect –> tests tap not just g but also specific skills.
What’s the opponents to g?
Thurstone: 50 primary mental abilities (eg spatial, numerical….)
modern: g at top of hierarchy below are factors that correlate with g
What is meant by crystalised and fluid intelligence? (Cartell & Horn)
Crystalised: Ability to apply previously learnt knowledge to new problems, practise, long-term memory
fluid: ability to deal with novel problem-solving, creative thinking, logic, abstract thinking, short-term memory
What is Steernberg’s triarchic theory?
3 competencies & 3 cognitive processes:
1) Analytic intelligence: Academically orientated problem-solving (measured by standard test)
2) Practical intelligence: skills needed to cope with everyday tasks
3) Creative intelligence: people skills
What is Gardner’s theory and what’s the evidence?
Multiple intelligences (eg musical, linguistic etc) - non related
Support: Brain damaged patients sometimes loose abilities in certain areas but not others, Autistics (with extreme abilities and lacks).
What are the core concepts of emotional intelligence?
Self-awareness, emotion management, self-motivation, empathy, relationship skills
What’s the information approach to intelligence?
To understand intelligence, we must understand the underlying mental operations –> information processing
What is meant by analogical reasoning? (Sternberg)
Pistol is to bow as bullet is to ____ –> step by step deconstruction into small stages –> purest measure of g factor
What are the heritability of intelligence?
MZ (identical) twins: 0.80
DZ twins: 0.40
normally around 0.5-0.7
No single gene for intelligence!
