intelligence Flashcards
Sternberg & Detterman definition
- The ability to acquire knowledge
- To think and reason effectively
- To deal adaptively with the environment
Sir Francis Galton
- Some people had inherited mental constitutions that made them more fit for thinking
- Came up with the first primitive tests of intelligence towards the end of the 19th Century.
- Also applied the concept of the normal distribution curve to human mental characteristics.
Alfred Binet
- first intelligence test
- focused on imagery, attention, comprehension ect
- aim: find out abilities of normal children @ different ages & use this to identify why some children were under performing at this age.
Binet’s 2 assumptions
- mental abilities develop with age
- mental competence is a characteristic of the person and fairly consistent over time
What is mental age?
Age at which a child is performing mental tasks
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
ratio of mental age to chronological age x 100
We now use: deviation IQ
Based on a persons standing in a normative group of the sae age
Nature of intelligence
Psychometric approach
maps the structure of intelligent and to discover the kind of mental competencies that underlie test performance
Intellectual abilities are completely independent of one another… others think the opposite… so may be some general factor or factors underlying all these abilities.
Nature of intelligence
Cognitive processes approach
The specific thought processes that underlie those mental competencies.
G factor (PM)
Spearman- individual performance is determined by 2 factors
- ) G- Factor, either got it or you havent (core of intelligence)
- ) Whatever special abilities might be required to perform a particular task.
Thurstone (PM)
Looked at student performance on a battery of 56 tests & extracted seven abilities: • Space: • Verbal comprehension • Word fluency • Number facility: Perceptual speed: • Rote memory • Reasoning
crystallised and fluid intelligence
Horn & Cattell ) (PM
were two related subtypes of g
Crystallised intelligence - apply previously acquired knowledge to current problems
- tests tends to improve during adulthood & remains stable into late adulthood
Fluid intelligence: The ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution
-begins to decline as people enter late adulthood
Carroll’s Three-Stratum Model (PM)
Establishes three levels of mental skills arranged in a hierarchical model
• General: g factor
- Broad: includes crystallized and fluid intelligence plus 6 other basic cognitive functions
- Narrow: nearly 70 specific skills
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
CP
addresses both the psychological process involved in intelligent behavior & the diverse forms that intelligence can take
Divides cognitive processes into three specific components
- analytical - problem solving
- practical -everyday demands
- creative -mental skills
Broader Conceptions of Intelligence:
Gardners multiple intelligences.
Gardners definition of intelligence
“an ability or set of abilities that permits an individual to solve problems or fashion products that are of consequence in a particular cultural setting”
Gardners 8 varieties of adaptive abilities `
- Linguistic
- Logical-Mathematical:
- Visuospatial:
- Musical:
- Bodily-Kinesthetic:
- Interpersonal:
- Intrapersonal:
- Naturalistic: