intelligence Flashcards
Sternberg & Detterman definition
- The ability to acquire knowledge
- To think and reason effectively
- To deal adaptively with the environment
Sir Francis Galton
- Some people had inherited mental constitutions that made them more fit for thinking
- Came up with the first primitive tests of intelligence towards the end of the 19th Century.
- Also applied the concept of the normal distribution curve to human mental characteristics.
Alfred Binet
- first intelligence test
- focused on imagery, attention, comprehension ect
- aim: find out abilities of normal children @ different ages & use this to identify why some children were under performing at this age.
Binet’s 2 assumptions
- mental abilities develop with age
- mental competence is a characteristic of the person and fairly consistent over time
What is mental age?
Age at which a child is performing mental tasks
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
ratio of mental age to chronological age x 100
We now use: deviation IQ
Based on a persons standing in a normative group of the sae age
Nature of intelligence
Psychometric approach
maps the structure of intelligent and to discover the kind of mental competencies that underlie test performance
Intellectual abilities are completely independent of one another… others think the opposite… so may be some general factor or factors underlying all these abilities.
Nature of intelligence
Cognitive processes approach
The specific thought processes that underlie those mental competencies.
G factor (PM)
Spearman- individual performance is determined by 2 factors
- ) G- Factor, either got it or you havent (core of intelligence)
- ) Whatever special abilities might be required to perform a particular task.
Thurstone (PM)
Looked at student performance on a battery of 56 tests & extracted seven abilities: • Space: • Verbal comprehension • Word fluency • Number facility: Perceptual speed: • Rote memory • Reasoning
crystallised and fluid intelligence
Horn & Cattell ) (PM
were two related subtypes of g
Crystallised intelligence - apply previously acquired knowledge to current problems
- tests tends to improve during adulthood & remains stable into late adulthood
Fluid intelligence: The ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution
-begins to decline as people enter late adulthood
Carroll’s Three-Stratum Model (PM)
Establishes three levels of mental skills arranged in a hierarchical model
• General: g factor
- Broad: includes crystallized and fluid intelligence plus 6 other basic cognitive functions
- Narrow: nearly 70 specific skills
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
CP
addresses both the psychological process involved in intelligent behavior & the diverse forms that intelligence can take
Divides cognitive processes into three specific components
- analytical - problem solving
- practical -everyday demands
- creative -mental skills
Broader Conceptions of Intelligence:
Gardners multiple intelligences.
Gardners definition of intelligence
“an ability or set of abilities that permits an individual to solve problems or fashion products that are of consequence in a particular cultural setting”
Gardners 8 varieties of adaptive abilities `
- Linguistic
- Logical-Mathematical:
- Visuospatial:
- Musical:
- Bodily-Kinesthetic:
- Interpersonal:
- Intrapersonal:
- Naturalistic:
Emotional intelligence
Involves the abilities to: • read others’ emotions accurately • respond to them appropriately • motivate oneself • be aware of one’s own emotions • regulate & control one’s own emotional responses
4 branches of emotional intelligence
Four Branches of Emotional Intelligence:
1. perceiving emotions
- using emotions to facilitate thought
- understdnaing emotions
- managing emotions
Measurement of Intelligence
Wechsler tests
Series of subtests that fall into the two classes of verbal & performance
Test yields three summary scores:
• Verbal IQ – strongly related to school
• Performance IQ
• Full-scale IQ (Verbal and Performance)
Also offers various separate scores for a number of specific skills
theory based intelligence tests
- Several tests specifically designed to measure crystallized & fluid intelligence separately
- Sternberg Triarchic Ability Test (STAT) measures analytic, practical, & creative intelligence
Achievement Tests:
designed to find out how much a person has learned so far
- good predictor of future performance in a similar situation i.e. school
- Assumes that everyone has had the same opportunity to learn the material being tested –
aptitude tests
contain novel puzzle-like problems that go beyond prior learning
- Designed to measure a person’s potential for future learning & performance
- Supposedly fairer (depends less on prior knowledge)
- Difficult to construct a test that is truly independent of prior learning
- May not be relevant to success in real-world situations
Psychometric Standards
Psychological Test:
a method for measuring individual differences related to some psychological concept, based on a sample of relevant behaviour in a scientifically designed & controlled situation
Reliability
consistency of measurement
Test-Retest Reliability
consistency of measurement over time
- Administer the measure to the same group of participants on two or more separate occasions & correlate the sets of scores
- If the construct being measured is stable, scores should be consistent over time
- Intelligence should be consistent over time – it shouldn’t change greatly – it is relatively stable although there may be a few fluctuations every now and again.
- IQ is fairly stable from the age of 7 to late adulthood
Internal Consistency:
consistency of measurement within the test itself
• All items on a test should measure the same thing
• Items should correlate highly with each other
Inter-judge Reliability:
consistency of measurement when different people observe the same event or score the same test.
Validity:
how well a test actually measures what it is designed to measure
Construct Validity:
a test successfully measures the psychological construct it is designed to measure
• Assessed by looking at the relationship between test scores & other behaviours that it should be related to
Content Validity:
whether the items on a test measure all the knowledge or skills assumed to underlie the construct of interest
Criterion-Related Validity
the ability of test scores to correlate with meaningful criterion measures
• A test should predict present or future outcomes that are influenced by the construct being measured
Standardisation
involves the development of norms & rigorously controlled testing procedures
• Norms:
test scores derived from a large sample that represents particular age segments of the population
• Normal Distribution:
bell-shaped curve with most scores clustering around the centre of the curve
The Flynn Effect
a “rising curve” phenomenon, suggesting that much of the world’s population is scoring progressively higher on intelligence tests
- IQ increase of 28 points since 1910 in the U.S.; similar effect in Great Britain
- May be due to nutrition, more complex learning environments, or advances in technology
Testing Conditions:
• Static Testing
traditional approach to testing; emphasises similarity in testing conditions
testing conditions
Dynamic Testing:
standard testing is followed up with an interaction with the examiner
– Examiner gives the respondent guided feedback on how to improve performance
– Examiner then observes how the person utilises the information
heredity and environment
- Both contribute to intelligence but rarely independent of each other
- Environment can influence how genes express themselves
- Genetics influence environments selected and how we respond to them
Genetic factors can also influence the effects produced by environment
- Account for 1/2 to 2/3 of the variation in IQ
- The more genes people have in common, the more similar their IQ
- No single “intelligence gene”
environmennt can influence how genes express themselves
- Accounts for 1/3 to 1/2 of the variation in IQ
* Both shared & unshared environmental factors are involved