Intelligence Flashcards
What is IQ?
-Intelligence Quotient
-An index of an individuals intelligence score
-Includes verbal and non-verbal tests
State what influences different people had on development of IQ
-Franics Galton said that intelligence is a product of natural selection
-Binet and Simon developed 1st IQ tests to measure student abilities
-Lewis Herman and Maud Merrill creates Stanford-Binet scale
-Cyril Burt advised British government to use attitude tests to determine what children go up to grammar schools (11+)
Describe Raven’s Progressive Matrices
-Intelligence tests favour those with more affluent backgrounds
-Shows racial bias
State the 2 more recent IQ tests
-WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children)
-WASI (Wechsler Adult Scale for intelligence)
State what a genotype is
-Genetic makeup of an organism
State what a phenotype is
-Refers to observable characteristics and physical properties
-Includes development, appearance and behaviour
State what the degree of genetic relatedness is
-Looking at people with various degrees of relatedness can give us an understanding of the genetic basis of a concept
State what theoretical definition of intelligence is
-What IQ tests measure
-There is no theory of intelligence that will determine what questions should be included in an IQ test
State what polygenic means
-Characteristic that is determined via the interaction of two or more genes e.g. height
What is meant by generalised intelligence?
-A single construct influences all cognitive functioning and is demonstrated through correlations of performance of different tests
-Measures include Stanford-Binet scale and Raven’s Progressive Standard
What is the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallised intelligence?
-Fluid intelligence - cognitive functioning component not influenced by environment and is instead fixed throughout lifetime
-Crystallised intelligence - Stored factual information and can benefit from schooling and tends to change throughout life span
Describe the study by Bouchard and McGue (1981) that looks into whether intelligence is determined by genes or environment
-Twin studies
-Identical twins that were reared apart has a correlation of 0.72 compared to identical twins reared together which have a correlation of 0.86
-Shows that its highly genetically determined as there is a high correlation despite whether they grew up in the same environment or not
-Non twin siblings reared apart have a correlation of 0.24 whereas non twin siblings reared together have a correlation of 0.47
-Adopted children who are genetically unrelated have a correlation of 0.34, grew up together in similar environments but have no relation of genes
Describe the study conducted by Elardo et al. (1975) explaining relationship between parents and infants
-When speaking to children, mother’s voice conveys positive feeling
-Mother structures child’s play periods
-Mother reads stories at least 3 times a week
-Family provides learning equipment
-Child gets out the house at least 4 times a week
-Mother shouts at child relatively infrequently
-Mother spontaneously vocalises to child frequently
What were the results of this study?
-Children were observed at 6 months and 24 months, and IQ was tested at 3 years and 4 1/2 years
-Results found that rating of family when child was 24 months correlated with their IQ at 3 years (0.7)
-Results found that rating of family when child was aged 6 months correlated with their IQ at 4 ½ years (0.44)
What are the 2 important considerations around intelligence?
-Covariance between inheritance and environment - intelligent children tend to have intelligent parents who provide enriched environment
-Transactional process - intelligent children provoke intelligent response that feeds development further, looks into estimates of heritability which are based on population data
