Development across cultures Flashcards
Define what is meant by ethnocentrism
-Evaluating other cultures according to preconceptions, standards and customs of one’s culture
-Creates bias in who does research and who participates
Describe the Ecological model proposed by Brofenbrenner (1974)
-“It can be said that much developmental psychology is the science of the strange behaviour of children in strange situations with strange adults for the briefest possible periods of time”
-Child -> Microsystem -> Mesosystem -> Ecosystem -> Macrosystem -> Chronosystem
Describe the research by Nielsen et al. (2017)
-Example of weird sample, weird researcher
-Reviewed 1582 articles published in top developmental psychology journals between 2006-2010
How can we define culture?
-Social behaviour and norms of society
-Young children make use of multiple strategies to learn about culture
What are the different types of social learning defined by Legare and Harris (2016)
-Emotion learning
-Natural pedagogy
-Questioning
-High fidelity imitation
What are the 3 types of imitation?
-Imitation
-Mimicry
-High fidelity/Over imitation
What is meant by imitation?
“Learning to do an act from seeing it done” (Thorndike, 1898)
What is meant by mimicry?
“Occurs when a person unwittingly imitates the behaviour of another person”
(Lakin and Chartrand, 2003)
What is meant by high fidelity imitation/over imitation?
“Copying another’s action despite visible evidence that it is unnecessary”
(Lyons, 2007)
Describe the research conducted by Horner and Whiten (2004) looking into over imitation and culture
-A series of necessary and unnecessary actions are demonstrated on transparent and opaque puzzle boxes
-Chimpanzees copy everything on opaque box but solve the puzzle efficiently in the transparent box
-Children copy everything in both opaque boxes and transparent boxes
-Learn social convention can be important
What did Whiten et al. (2016) find in regards to developing and maintaining culture?
-Demand characteristics may occur, as children and adults may engage in over imitation
What did Krieger et al. (2020) find in regards to developing and maintaining culture?
-Social selectivity may occur, as there is evidence suggesting that children imitate ingroup vs outgroup
What did Kenward et al. (2011) find in regards to developing and maintaining culture?
-Maintenance occurs as children protest when a puppet fails to perform unnecessary actions
What can global phenomenon cause?
-Over imitation has been demonstrated in children from many countries around the world
What is meant by ownership?
-Relating to material possessions can reflect cultural values e.g. extent of wealth, generosity and political ideals
-Ownership concepts develop at the age of 2 such as ‘its mine’
-Gain attachment to objects (Faigenbaum, 2005) and have exclusive control over certain objects (Rochat, 2011)
What did Rochat et al. (2014) look into?
-Ownership relating to how culture impacts social development
Describe the procedure of the research conducted by Rochat et al., (2014)
-Looked into whether early intuitions around ownership reflect cultural values or are there universal principles which govern ownership reasoning
-176 3-5 year olds from 7 different socio-economic backgrounds
-USA, China, Vanuatu, Brazil
-Private daycare, public daycare, village and street kids
-Rural and urban
-High, middle and low SES
-2 dolls who are friends took a walk together and ended up fighting foir possession over an object
-Different conditions were; first contact, familiarity, creation, rich-poor and neutral
-Children were asked ‘Whose is it?
What were the results of Rochat’s study?
-By age 5, children in all cultures consistently attributed ownership in the creation and familiarity conditions
-No consistent pattern in first-contact or rich-poor conditions
-Children from USA and China were more likely to assign ownership to poor puppet
-CULTURE and SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS both have an influence on early intuitions around ownership
What did Blake et al. (2015) look into?
-Sharing norms relating to how culture impacts social development
Describe the procedure of the research conducted by Blake et al. (2015)
-Children play in pairs and one child is an actor
-Sweets are distributed on apparatus and actor chooses to accept or reject the distribution
-Rejecting an offer leads to 0 payoffs for everyone
Describe the results of the study conducted by Blake et al. (2015)
-Low levels of rejection for ‘fair’ offers
-As children get older they tend to reject unfair offers when they are disadvantaged by the distribution of resources (not including mexican children)
-In USA, Canada and Uganda, older children reject unfair offers when they are advantaged by the distribution of resources
-Mexican, Chinese and Senegalese children are unlikely to reject unfair offers which advantage them
Describe the research conducted by Weltzien et al., (2019)
-7-8 year old Indian children completed a priming interview designed to promote independence or interdependence
-Sharing game where they could choose between one of two resource distributions
-Take two for self
- Divide resources equally between self and another child
Describe the results of the study conducted by Weltzien et al., (2019)
