Intelligence Flashcards
What is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
Howard Gardner proposed that people possess many different types of intelligence. He identified 8 different kinds in 1985 and two extras in 1999.
- linguistic - spoken and written language
- logical - mathematical –> numerical, abstract and logistical reasoning.
- musical - meanings of sound
- spatial - perceiving, modifying, transforming and creating images.
- bodily-kinesthetic - using parts of the body to solve problems.
- naturalistic - recognise and classify objects in natural environment.
- interpersonal - feelings in other people
- intrapersonal - feelings in self.
What is the information-processing theory of intelligence?
The information-processing theory of intelligence was developed to understand how the human mind works. This focuses on understanding cognitive processes that underlie intelligence:
- speed of information processing
- knowledge base
- ability to learn and apply mental strategies.
Therefore, the speed at which we can attain information determines intelligence.
What is the emotional intelligence theory?
Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive, use, understand and manage emotions in oneself and others. This can be broken into four main categories.
Perceiving emotions is the ability to see emotions in oneself and others (objects, art, stories, music etc.)
Facilitating thought is the ability to generate, use and feel emotion as necessary to communicate feeling or employ in other cognitive processes.
Understanding emotions is the the ability to understand emotional information and how emotions combine and progress through relationship transitions, and to appreciate such emotional meanings.
Managing emotions is simply being open to feelings, and to modulate them in oneself and others so as to promote person understanding and growth.
What is the Intelligence Quotient and how does it operate?
The Intelligence Quotient measures one aspect of intelligence. A score is computed to enable comparison among individuals. This was developed in 1904 by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. Originally the test was designed to show that mentally retarded children were normally intelligent, but lazy.
What is the Stanford-Binet Scale?
Designed by Alfred Binet, this scale assesses individuals according to their age. The participant will be asked questions relating to the ages below them, and then progresses when they can answer the questions. The final age they reach determines their intelligence according to the scale.
What are the Wechsler’s intelligence scales for adults and children (WAIS-IV) (WISC-IV)
Invented in 1939 by David Wechsler, there are three separate tests in the intelligence scales. Wechsler’s Adult intelligence scale is for 16+, Wechsler’s intelligence scales for children is for 6-17 years, and Wechsler’s Preschool and Primary scale of intelligence is for 2.5-7 years. These testings are broken into different aspects of intelligence to determine which are the strengths and weaknesses of the participant.
Are intelligence tests valid and reliable?
Intelligence tests are not valid in determining a person’s intelligence, as they rarely cover all areas. They do not take into account individual differences, and tend to measure cognitive abilities while excluding other forms of intelligence. These tests also tend to be culturally and linguistically biased, and the results have the potential to label people unfairly. While they are somewhat helpful in allowing others to compare themselves to people of their age group, and can make predictions about academic performance, they are still not valid or reliable.
Is intelligence inherited?
According to the family, twin and adoption studies, intelligence has the potential to be inherited.
Genetic syndromes have the potential to limit intelligence. The studies listed above have shown that intelligence can be equal between twins who have been separated, or a child who was adopted in comparison to their biological parents.
However, there is an element of nurture involved with intelligence. If a child is brought up in a healthy environment with good educational opportunities, family or community interactions and no serious injuries, they will have a greater chance at developing strong intelligence. Similarly, if a child is brought up in a poor environment, in extreme poverty with inadequate education and little to no parent instruction, they will most likely have issues with their intelligence development.
