INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS Flashcards
In the study of the history of science and
technology, another important area of interest involves in the various ________________ across time
Intellectual Revolutions
interests lies in how intellectual revolutions emerged as a result of the interaction of _______, _________ and of _______.
science, technology, society
In science and technology, intellectual revolutions refer to the series of events that led to the emergence of _____________ and the progress of _____________ across critical periods in history
modern science; scientific thinking
Was a period of intellectual revolution in Europe, marked by a flourishing of arts, science, and humanism (Rebirth of Learning).
The Renaissance
Led to significant advancements in scientific knowledge and the emergence of the scientific method.
The Scientific Revolution
Emphasized reason, individualism, and the pursuit of knowledge as the key to progress and social reform (Age of Reason).
The Enlightenment
Society interaction with science and technology
Intellectual Revolution
Refers to the series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and progress of scientific thinking
Intellectual Revolution
Who divided the Intellectual Revolution into 2 Stages?
Jean Sylvain Bailley
2 Stages of Intellectual Revolution
Sweeping of the Old
Establishing of the New
The 3 people of the Intellectual Revolution
Copernican, Darwinian, Freudian
This invention allowed the people to take a peek at the outer space, but more importantly, it also intrigued them to know what was out there.
Telescope
He believes that the Earth was the center - - geocentrism
Claudius Ptolemy
He introduced a new concept known as Heliocentrism, which suggested that the center of the Solar System was not the Earth but actually the sun
Nicolaus Copernicus
The center of the Solar System was not the
Earth but actually the sun
Heliocentrism
Formulated the “Heliocentric Model” of the universe
Nicolaus Copernicus
Earth was the center of the Solar System
Geocentric Model
Repositioned the Earth from the center of the SS and introduced the idea that the Earth rotates on its own axis
Heliocentric Model
Resistance from the church, thus __________ was
accused of heresy, and he faced persecution from the church
Nicolas Copernicus
Served as a catalyst to sway scientific thinking
away form age-long views about the position of the Earth
Copernican Revolution
All planets revolved around the sun not in circular
orbits but elliptical orbits. The closer a planet to the sun the faster it moves
Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion
Law of Planetary Motion
Johannes Kepler
Turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy making it a truly intellectual important revolution.
Copernican Revolution
English naturalist, geologist and biologist (19th century)
Charles Darwin
1859, Treatise on the Science of Evolution
On The Origin of Species
Considered to be one of the most
controversial intellectual revolutions of its time.
The Darwinian Revolution
It was guided by confidence in human reason’s ability to explain phenomena in the universe
Darwinian Revolution
An evolutionary process by which organisms, including humans, inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favored survival and reproduction. This traits are manifested in offspring that are more fit and well-suited to the challenges of survival and
reproduction.
Natural Selection
“Organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change to something more equipped to survive”
Darwinian Revolution
Accused of being short in accounting for the broad and complex evolutionary process or dismissive of the idea that the functional design of organisms was a manifestation of an omniscient God.
Theory of Evolution (Darwinian)
The development of organisms and the origin of unique forms of life and humanity could be rationalized by a lawful system, or an orderly process of change underpinned by laws of nature.
Significance of Darwinian Revolution
In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy.
Freudian Revolution
Was considered more of an art rather than a science
Psychology
Was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary
theory of psychoanalysis in the late 19th century.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist that introduced PSYCHOANALYSIS
Sigmund Freud
Scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded in one’s personality.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Freud explained that there are many ________ and _________ factors that can influence
behavior and emotions
conscious; unconscious
Freud also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements:
Id, Ego, and Superego
The primitive and instinctual part of the
mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories (Pleasure Principle)
ID
Operates as a moral conscience (Conscience)
Super-ego
The realistic part that mediates between the desires of the di and the super ego (Reality Principle)
Ego
Existence of unconscious where feelings, thoughts, urges, emotions, and memories are contained outside of one’s conscious mind
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalytic Concepts
Psychosexual Development, Libido and Ego
Freud suggested that humans are inherently _____________
Pleasure-Seeking Individuals
Immediately shot into controversy for it emphasized the existence of the unconscious wherein feelings, thoughts, urges, emotions,
and memories are contained outside of one’s conscious mind.
Psychoanalysis
Revolutionized how w e think about and treat mental health conditions
Freudian Revolution
Freud founded _____________ as a way of listening to patients and better understanding how their minds work.
Psychoanalysis
Credited for dominating psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20th century
Significance of Freudian Revolution
Intellectual revolutions face resistance from those who benefit from maintaining the status quo.
Resistance to Change
Critics argue that intellectual revolutions often lead to the erosion of traditional values and cultural heritage.
Loss of Tradition
The pursuit of new ideas may raise ethical questions and dilemmas that need to be addressed during an intellectual revolution.
Ethical Dilemmas
TRUE OR FALSE: The interaction of society with science and technology allowed the beginning of the Intellectual Revolution
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Kepler was persecuted by the church due to his Geocentric model
FALSE - Kepler is known for his work on the HELIOCENTRIC model.
TRUE OR FALSE: The Darwinian Revolution changed the way people understood nature and evolution.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The Freudian Revolution was controversial and highly met with resistance.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The natural selection theory describes how organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits.
TRUE
Founded psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
He proposed the Heliocentric concept of the Solar System
Copernicus
It was the time of rebirth in creativity in Europe in the 1300s where changes in areas like political, social, economic, and cultural happened.
THE RENAISSANCE
TRUE OR FALSE: Intellectual Revolutions are often met with huge support and general acceptance.
FALSE - not always met with huge support.
TRUE OR FALSE: Sigmund Freud introduced scientific approaches to understanding the human subconcious.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Intellectual Revolutions emerges as a result of interaction of man and society.
TRUE
He believed that the earth was the center of the universe.
PTOLEMY
TRUE OR FALSE: Intellectual Revolutions are necessary in understanding how society is transformed by science and technology.
TRUE
The analogy of Instincts
Id
