Intellectual disorders Flashcards
Is the term “mental retardation” still used?
Was known as this term by ICD-10 however was changed due to being offensive and outdated.
Now known as “disorder of intellectual development” by ICD-11.
What are the points that define intellectual disability?
- Impaired intellectual functioning (e.g. intelligence).
- Impaired social or adaptive functioning.
- Originating during development period
What conditions aren’t classed as intellectual disabilities?
Learning difficulties AKA specific learning difficulty
- Dyslexia
- Dyscalculia
- Dysgraphia
- Dyspraxia
Autism - however a LOT of autistic people do have intellectual disabilities and a lot of people with intellectual disabilities are autistic.
ADHD – BUT ADHD and ID are no longer considered mutually exclusive
Cerebral Palsy
Cognitive Decline
What is intellectual impairment?
Significantly below average intellectual functioning.
Tests for intellectual impairment?
Weschler intelligence scale for adults, children, and pre-schoolers.
Results for intellectual impairment?
Approx 2 or more standard deviations below the mean (approx less than 2.3rd percentile)
IQ less than 70
Test and results of social or adaptive dysfunction?
Vineland scale - an individually-administered measure of adaptive behaviour that is widely used to assess individuals with intellectual, developmental, and other disabilities.
Result -Deficits/Impairments in 2 or moreadaptive skills e.g.
Communication
Self-Care
Home Living
Social Skills
Community Use
Self-direction
Health and Safety
Functional Academics
Leisure and work
How many degrees of severity and what are the IQ ranges for intellectual disability?
4 degrees of severity
Mild – IQ 50-69 (85%)
Moderate – IQ 35-49 (10%)
Severe – IQ 20-34 (3-4%)
Profound – IQ <20 (1-2%)
In general,a person with a milder degree of disability may need support in only some areas. true/false?
True
Common areas of difficulty in mild degree of learning disability?
Common areas of difficulty would include budgeting,making plans, managing time.
When the learning difficulty is more severe, what example tasks would the patient struggle with?
limited communication, very significantly reduced ability to learn new skills, and to need support with daily activities such as dressing, washing, eating, and mobility.
Causes of intellectual/learning disability?
There are many different causes of learning or intellectual disability
In some patients there is a single,discrete cause
In many however we label it as idiopathic or suggest multifactorial causes
Anything which impacts the development of the brain can lead to LD(learning disabilities)
Average case of mild learning disability? (IQ: 50-69)
“Mental age” 9 to 12 years.
Delayed speech – but typically able to use everyday speech eventually
Often exhibit difficulties in the acquisition and comprehension of complex language concepts and academic skills.
Most master basic self-care, domestic, and practical activities.
Can generally achieve relatively independent living and employment as adults but may require appropriate support.
Average case of moderate learning disability? (IQ: 35-49)
“Mental age” 6 to 9 years
Language and capacity for acquisition of skills are generally limited to basics.
Some may master basic self-care, domestic, and practical activities.
Most require considerable and consistent support to achieve independent living and employment
Usually fully mobile
Majority have organic aetiology
Epilepsy and Physical Disabilities common
Discrepant “bumpy/spiky” profiles seen
Average case of severe learning disability? (IQ: 20-34)
“Mental age” 3 to 6 years
Epilepsy very common
Affected persons exhibit very limited language and capacity for acquisition of academic skills.
They may also have motor impairments and typically require daily support in asupervised environment for adequatecare butmay acquire basic self-care skills withintensive training.
Average case of profound learning disability? (IQ:<20)
Difficult to measure IQ reliably at this level
“Mental age” less than 3 years
Affected persons possess very limited communication abilities and capacity foracquisition of academic skills is restricted to basic concrete skills.
They may also have co-occurring motor and sensory impairments and typicallyrequire daily support in a supervised environment for adequate care.
Single gene disorder causes of learning disability?
Fragile X
Phenylketonuria
Rett
Lesch-Nyhan
Copy number variants/microdeletion/duplication causes of learning disability?
DiGeorge
Prader-Willi
Angelman
Cri du chat
Chromosomal disorder causes of learning disability?
Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
Turners (45, XO)
Trisomy X (47, XXX)
Klinefelter (XXY)
Common physical features of fragile X syndrome?
Prominent, broad forehead
Long face
Large ears
Crowding high arched palate
Squint
Hollow chest
Hypotonia
