Intellectual Disabilities Flashcards
What are the early indicators of intellectual disability
lack of speech
Toilet training problem
Motor coordination problem
What is the DSM criteria for Intellectual Disability
-Deficits in intelectual functioning: reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thining
-Significant deficits in adaptive functioning: communication, self-care, living skills, academic, work leisure, social skills, health and safety
-Onset during developmental period
It’s not based on adaptive functioning not IQ
What is ID often comorbid with?
3-4 times more likely to have a mental illness than the normal population
Commonly associated with ADHD
and mood disorder (this however can results from the ID, as they know they have limited abilities)
Causes of MR/ID
Birth complications Disease Accident Genetics Malnutrition Environmental (i.e. lead poisining) Accident Genetics
Predisposing factors
in 30-40% of cases no aetiological cause can be identified
Hereditry 5%
Early alteration of embyonic development (30%- cells mutating in an abnormal way)
Pregnancy and perinatal problems (10%)
Medical conditions acquired in infancy- i.e. very high temperature
Environmental influences and other mental disorder (15-20%)
What are the typical outcomes for a mild diagnosis?
School age training and education
Acquire practical skills and useful reading and maths to 3-6 grade level with special education help. Often in normal schools.
Social and Vocational adequacy
Usually achieve social & vocational skills adequate to self-maintenance.
What are the typical outcomes for a moderate diagnosis?
School age training and education Simple communication Elementary health and safety habits Simple manual skills No functional reading or writing Social and Vocational adequacy Can perform simple tasks in sheltered conditions. Can travel alone in familiar situation. Usually incapable of self maintenance.
Typical outcomes for severe and profound?
School age training and education
Usually walk barring specific disabilities.
Have some understanding of speech and some response.
Can profit from systematic habit training.
Social and Vocational adequacy
Can conform to daily routines need ongoing supervision in a protected environment.
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School age training and education
Obvious delays in all areas of development.
May respond to skillful training in use of legs, hands and jaws.
Social and Vocational adequacy
May walk.
Need nursing care.
Primitive speech.
Incapable of self-maintenance.
Mosaicism
In genetics, a mosaic, or mosaicism, involves the presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual who has developed from a single fertilized egg.[1][2] Mosaicism has been reported to be present in as high as 70% of cleavage stage embryos and 90% of blastocyst-stage embryos derived from in vitro fertilization.[
Down Syndrome
Also known Chromosome 21 trisomy Results from part or all of a third chromosome being present. 1 birth in 700-1000 Low average to moderate MR Early onset dementia Physical Characteristics: Folds over the eyes Round face Broad flat nose
Fragile X
1 in 4000 males and 1 in 8000 females approximately 10% of all males with severe intellectual disabilities Results from a problem with x chromosome Intellectual disabilities: 80% males 50% females Mild to moderate (children) Moderate to severe (adults) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Short attention span Impulsivity Enuresis, encopresis Autistic-like features: Gaze aversion (especially to strangers) Social anxiety & shyness Hand-flapping and hand biting Sensory defensiveness (aversion to loud noise, touch, strong smells) Poor adaptation to changes in routine Physical Features Broad forehead Elongated face Large, prominent ears
Klinefelters syndrome
1 in 500-900 males Extra X chromosome Don’t develop secondary sex characteristic Gynecomastia Mild mental retardation
XXX syndrome
1 girl in 1000
Mild Mental retardation
XYY Syndrome
Also known as supermale syndrome
1 male in 700-1000
Tallness, heavy beards
Mild Mental retardation, particularly language development
