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APSY 238: Abnormal Psychology > Intellectual Disabilities > Flashcards

Intellectual Disabilities Flashcards

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1
Q

The term “Intellectual Disability” is also called what kind of disorder?

A

Intellectual Developmental Disorder

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2
Q

What was the pejorative term for an intellectual disability (no longer used)?

A

“Mentally retarded”

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3
Q

What are the 2 main features of an intellectual disability?

A

(one resulting from another)
1. Fundamental deficit in ability to think
- Abstract judgement, planning, problem solving, reasoning, learning
- Overall IQ is below avg (<70)

  1. Ability to adapt to demands of normal life is seriously impaired
    - Problems w/ adaptation (school, work, home w/ family)
    - Conceptual (school skills), social (communication), practical (regulating behavior)
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4
Q

What feature is required to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability?

A

Problems with adaptation! (school, work, home w/ family)

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5
Q

What criteria was previously used for intellectual disability diagnosis, but is not anymore?

A

Low IQ (<70), indicating below avg intellectual functioning

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6
Q

How are intellectual disabilities classified?

A

Ranges:
1. Mild
2. Moderate
3. Severe
4. Profound

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7
Q

What does the mild range consist of?

A
  • 85% of ID population
  • Can generally learn reading, writing + math skills b/w 3rd and 6th grade lvls.
  • May have jobs + live independently
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8
Q

What does the moderate range consist of?

A
  • 10% of ID population
  • May be able to learn some basic reading + writing.
  • Able to learn functional skills such as safety and self-help.
  • Require some type of oversight/supervision.
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9
Q

What does the severe range consist of?

A
  • 5% of ID pop
  • Probably not able to read or write, although they may learn self-help skills + routines.
  • Require supervision in their daily activities and living environment
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10
Q

What does the profound range consist of?

A
  • 1% of the ID pop
  • Require intensive support.
  • May be able to communicate by verbal or other means
  • May have medical conditions that require ongoing nursing + therapy
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11
Q

Most people with an intellectual disability fall within which range?

A

Mild range

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12
Q

When is the onset of an intellectual disability?

A

Often in infancy, but problem show up in childhood + beyond

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13
Q

What behavioral problems are associated w/ an intellectual disability?

A
  • Aggression, dependency, impulsivity, passivity, stubbornness, poor frustration tolerance
  • Gulibility + naivete - risk for exploitation by others
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14
Q

How may someone w/ an intellectual disability appear?

A

May appear normal, while others have obvious physical characteristics
- Short stature, seizures, malformed eyes, ears, other pts of face

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15
Q

What causes intellectual disability?

A
  • No identifiable cause (30%)
  • Environment + exposure to toxins (25%)
  • Genetics (5%)
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16
Q

What are some inherited forms of intellectual disability?

A
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • Tay-Sachs Disease
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Downs Syndrome
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17
Q

What causes Phenylketonuria?

A
  • Missing enzyme to break down phenylalanine, so it accumulates to toxic levels in your brain
18
Q

Is Phenylketonuria preventable?

A
  • Yes, 100% preventable w/ diet
19
Q

When do you test for Phenylketonuria? How prevalent is it?

A
  • Tested at birth
  • 1 in 10-15K U.S.
20
Q

What causes Tay-Sachs Disease?

A
  • Missing vital enzyme (hexosaminidase-A) that breaks down lipids
  • Lipids make their way to brain + spinal cord → accumulate in nerve cells
21
Q

What are common symptoms of Tay-Sachs Disease?

A
  • Gradually lose sight, hearing and swallowing abilities
  • Progressively worse problems w/ speech
22
Q

What is the general prevalence of Tay-Sachs?

A
  • Death before age 5
  • Most common among Jewish descent
23
Q

What must you have to get Tay-Sachs Disease?

A

Both your parents must be carriers

24
Q

Are there treatments for Tay-Sachs Disease?

A

No treatments available

25
Q

What causes Fragile X syndrome?

A
  • Damage/mutation to the X chromosome
  • Transmitted through fragile X gene on the X chromosome
26
Q

What is the prevalence for Fragile X syndrome?

A
  • Can affect both boys + girls, but is most common in males*
  • Mild-moderate ID
  • 1 in 4K males/1 in 8K females
27
Q

What may be co-morbid with Fragile X syndrome?

A

ADHD co-morbidity

28
Q

What are common features of Fragile X syndrome?

A

Elongated face, larger ears, head size

29
Q

Is there a cure for Fragile X syndrome?

A

No

30
Q

What causes Downs Syndrome?

A

Caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome

31
Q

What is the prevalence of Downs Syndrome?

A

1 in 700 births

32
Q

What is another name for Downs Syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21

33
Q

What are common features for Downs Syndrome?

A

Characteristic facial structure: almond shaped elongated eyes, short stature, round face

34
Q

When is the onset for Downs Syndrome?

A

Early on, via ultrasound

35
Q

What are some environmental causes of Intellectual Disability?

A
  • Prenatal Disease
    Rubella (German measles)
  • Difficult delivery
  • Premature birth
  • Prenatal substance abuse
  • Failure to thrive
  • Exposure to toxins (lead, chemicals)
36
Q

What causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A

Substance abuse while pregnant
(leading cause for ID)

37
Q

What are common features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A
  • Smooth philtrum, epicanthal folds
  • Cerebellar ataxia - problems w/ balance, gait, eye movements
38
Q

What is the prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A
  • Leading case of intellectual disability
  • 10% of women drink while pregnant globally
  • 7.7-20 per 1000 births globally - lower in U.S.
39
Q

Is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome preventable?

A

100% preventable

40
Q

What can Fetal Alcohol syndrome do to your brain?

A

Shrinkage of brain tissue

41
Q

What interventions are there for IDs?

A
  • No cure, but some are preventable
  • Mainstreaming
  • Behavioral interventions involving family

APSY 238: Abnormal Psychology (7 decks)

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