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APSY 238: Abnormal Psychology > 1. Eating Disorders > Flashcards

1. Eating Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of women + men compare their bodies to images they see on social media?

A

87% of women and 65% of men

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2
Q

What percentage of the population have Bulimia Nervosa?

How many are female?

A
  • About 1-1.5% population overall
  • 90-95% are female
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3
Q

What percentage of college women is affected by Bulimia Nervosa?

A

25% of all college women

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4
Q

What ethnicity is BN most prominent in?

A

White; Middle-to-Upper Middle Class

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5
Q

Where does BN peak? What weight is often observed?

A
  • Peaks in adolescence/ young adulthood
  • Often w/in normal weight range
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6
Q

What often precedes BN? What happens if it’s left untreated?

A
  • Preceded by dieting/ efforts to lose weight
  • Chronic if left untreated
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7
Q

Over time, what percentage of people fully recover from Bulimia Nervosa?

How many people improve or settle into chronic behavior?

A
  • About 50% fully recover
  • Another 25% improve
  • The rest (25%) settle into lifetime of chronic behavior
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8
Q

According to the DSM-5, what are the basic features of Bulimia Nervosa?

A

Binging + compensatory behaviors

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9
Q

How long must basic features be present to suspect for BN?

A

Weekly for 3+ months

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10
Q

What are methods of binging?

A
  • Eating large amts of food
  • Eating is out of control
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11
Q

What are some compensatory behaviors?

A
  • Purging via self-induced vomiting
  • Use of diuretics, laxatives, exercise
  • Fasting, food restriction
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12
Q

How many calories might an avg bulimic binge consist of?

A

Avg bulimic binge may consist of 1,500-3,000 calories

(Some individuals have reported eating up to 60,000 or more during one binge)

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13
Q

The majority of bulimics purge by what means?

A

70-80% of bulimics purge by self-induced vomiting

30% use laxatives

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14
Q

What qualifies as a Binge?

A
  • Often eat “forbidden” or “avoided” foods
  • Often in secret - linked w/ shame + guilt
  • Binge < 2 hrs, but can be extended over time
  • Must include lack of control - includes giving up
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15
Q

What comes before the Binge?

A
  • Negative feelings related to body weight, shape, food
  • Interpersonal stressors
  • Dietary restraint - many restrict/fast b/w binges
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16
Q

What does the cycle of Bulimia Nervosa look like?

A

Anxiety → binging → fear of weight gain → purging → loss of fear of fat gain → guilt

(cycle repeats)

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17
Q

How can you help those struggling w/ the BN cycle?

A
  • Help people regulate their emotions better
  • Being more mindful of eating
  • Making good choices
  • Healthier relationship w/ body
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18
Q

What are some medical consequences of BN?

A
  • Swollen salivary glands
  • Severe tooth decay
  • Electrolyte imbalances + dehydration
  • Intestinal problems - IBS, peptic ulcers
  • Calluses on fingers + hands
  • Binging damages cells in stomach
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19
Q

What is the more severe form of BN?

A

Purging Type

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20
Q

Why does purging NOT work to lose weight?

A
  • As soon as we chew food, our body is absorbing 50% of the calories already digested
  • The more you restrict/fast, the more the body will hold onto anything it can (absorbing as much of the calories as it can)
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21
Q

What disorder is closely related to BN?

A

Binge-Eating Disorder

22
Q

What’s the difference b/w those with BN vs. those who have a Binge Eating Disorder?

A

Those with BED feel out of control, but they DON’T engage in compensatory behaviors (eg. purging), so they tend to gain significant weight over time

23
Q

What % of females have a 12-month prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa?

A

1.4% in females

24
Q

What strong association is present w/ those who have AN?

A

Strong association w/ cultures that value thinness

25
Q

How is the onset of AN different from Bulimia?

A

Onset of AN similar to Bulimia, but linked w/ stressful life event!

26
Q

What do nutritional compromises affect in those with AN?

A

Every major organ system!
* AN is the only disorder linked w/ life-threatening consequences

27
Q

What are some common symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa?

A
  • Amenorrhea & vital sign abnormalities
  • Depressogenic symptoms due to starvation
  • Obsessive-compulsory behaviors linked w/ food
28
Q

*What are the 3 key features of Anorexia Nervosa?

A
  1. Phobic fear of gaining weight/ becoming “fat”
  2. Food restriction; restricting caloric intake
  3. Distorted body image
29
Q

How does distorted body image differ for those with BN vs AN?

A

For bulimics, distortion can happen only after eating food, but for those w/ AN, they see themselves as someone who is heavy/ still fat

30
Q

According to the DSM-5, what criteria must be met to be diagnosed with AN?

A
  • Deliberate food restriction/ starvation (weight loss < 85% of normal)
  • Morbid fear (gaining weight, losing control over eating)
  • Distorted body image
31
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of AN?

What does each one include?

A
  1. Restricting Type
    - excessive dieting
  2. Binge-Eating-Purging Type
    - rely on purging
    - 50% of all cases
    - show more impulsive behaviors
32
Q

What is the duration for both subtypes of AN?

A

3 months or more

33
Q

What are the medical consequences of Anorexia Nervosa?

A
  • Amenorrhea
  • Dry skin (brittle hair or nails)
  • Sensitivity to cold
  • Lanugo (growing hair on body)
  • Heart problems
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • DEATH
34
Q

When does AN begin?

A

Begins early in adolescence

35
Q

What are characteristics of those w/ AN?

A
  • Perfectionist high-achievers
  • All-or-none thinking
  • Obsessive and orderly
  • Comorbid DSM disorders (eg. OCD, substance abuse)
36
Q

What are the social + cultural factors of AN?

A
  • Thinness equals success
37
Q

How has media influenced the development of AN?

A

Sets unrealistic idealized standards

38
Q

What are family influences of AN?

A
  • Successful + driven
  • Concerned about appearances
  • Eager to maintain harmony
  • Deny/ignore conflicts
  • Lack of open communication
39
Q

What biological influences may cause AN?

A
  • Runs in families
  • Unclear what’s inherited
40
Q

What psychological influences may cause AN?

A
  • Diminished sense of control
  • Low self-esteem
  • Perfectionism
  • Psychological inflexibility
41
Q

What interpersonal problems may cause AN?

A
  • Lower social competence, linked w/ social anxiety
  • Ineffective interpersonal problem-solving skills
  • Fear of negative evaluation/ hiding emotions (especially for AN)
  • Insecure attachment style (linked w/ intimacy)
  • Negative social comparison
42
Q

Prior to the DSM-5, how would you get diagnosed with ED NOS?

A

You were diagnosed with ED NOS if you did not meet the criteria for BN or AN

43
Q

What is an Unspecified Eating Disorder?

A

Symptoms of an eating disorder which cause clinically significant distress/impairment in functioning

(but you don’t meet criteria for other feeding/eating disorders)

44
Q

What are examples of Specified Eating Disorders?

A
  • Atypical anorexia nervosa
  • Bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration
45
Q

What criteria must be met to be diagnosed w/ Atypical anorexia nervosa?

A

All criteria for AN are met except that despite significant weight loss, the person’s weight is within/> the normal range

46
Q

What criteria must be met to be diagnosed w/ Bulimia nervosa for low frequency/ limited duration?

A

All criteria for BN are met, except that binge eating + compensatory behaviors occur, on avg, < 1 wk &/or for < 3 months

47
Q

What treatments are available for BN? Does it work?

A
  • Education about eating behavior
  • Scheduled eating
  • Change thinking (shape, eating, and weight)
  • Teach adaptive emotion regulation skills

Treatment works!

48
Q

How do you treat AN? Does it work?

A
  • Must restore normal weight!
  • Most will gain weight (easy)
  • Keeping the weight on (hard)

(similar treatment to bulimia) Treatment can work!

49
Q

What is the recommended intake of sugar by the AHA?

A
  • 6 tsp for women (100 cal)
  • 9 tsp for men (150 cal)
50
Q

What is the perpetual cycle of sugar addiction? (4 steps)

A
  1. You eat sugar (you like it, you crave it; has addictive properties)
  2. Blood sugar lvls spike (dopamine released in brain = addiction; mass insulin secreted to drop blood sugar lvls)
  3. Blood sugar lvls fall rapidly (high insulin lvls cause immediate fat storage, body craves lost sugar)
  4. Hunger & cravings (low blood sugar lvls cause increased appetite)

APSY 238: Abnormal Psychology (7 decks)

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