Integumentary System and Introduction to the Skeletal System

Question 1

What is the largest organ of the human body?

Answer 1

skin

Question 2

What are four main functions of the Integumentary System?

Answer 2

1. Thermoregulation
2. Protection
3. Sensations
4. Vitamin D

Question 3

What does the body do to thermoregulate?

Answer 3

sweat

Question 4

What forms of protection does the Integumentary System provide?

Answer 4

1. UV light
2. trauma
3. infection
4. water loss

Question 5

What types of sensations does the Integumentary System allow us to have?

Answer 5

1. touch
2. pressure
3. pain
4. temperature
5. emotion

Question 6

Explain how the Integumentary System is a vital contributor in Vitamin D synthesis.

Answer 6

it is necessary for calcium absorbtion

Question 7

What are the two major regions of the Integumentary System?

Answer 7

1. epidermis

2. dermis

Question 8

_____ blocks calcium absorbtion.

Answer 8

phosphoric acid

Question 9

Is the hypodermis a part of the Integumentary System?

Answer 9

no, but it acts as an anchor and is highly vascularized, bringing nutrients to epidermis cells

Question 10

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep)?

Answer 10

1. stratum carneum
2. stratum lucidium
3. stratum grandulosum
4. stratum spinosum
5. stratum basale

Question 11

What is the major function of keratinocytes?

Answer 11

protection against wear and tear

Question 12

How do melanocytes migrate to more superficial layers?

Answer 12

they are put in to the keratinocytes

Question 13

What layers of the epidermis contain living keratinocytes?

Answer 13

stratum basale and stratum spinosum

Question 14

Does rapid cell division occur in the stratum basale?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

The _____ spinosum layer can go through mitosis, but the _____ layer cannot.

Answer 15

deep, superficial

Question 16

What is happening when skin hardens (toward the more superficial layers)?

Answer 16

it becomes keratinized (dead keratinocytes) and waterproofs

Question 17

How many layers of flat keratinocytes appear in the stratum grandulosum?

Answer 17

3-5

Question 18

How does the stratum grandulosum usually stain when prepped as a slide for a microscope?

Answer 18

dark and coarse

Question 19

The cells with in the stratum grandulosum contain a _____ substance that helps with _____.

Answer 19

lipid-rich (oily), waterproofing

Question 20

What does the stratum lucidium look like?

Answer 20

thin and translucent

Question 21

Where does the stratum lucidium appear?

Answer 21

oily, thick skin

Question 22

What layer of the epidermis does not appear everywhere?

Answer 22

the stratum lucidium

Question 23

The stratum corneum contains up to __ layers of dead keratinocytes.

Answer 23

30

Question 24

Are there nuclei or organelles within the stratum corneum?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

What is the function of the dermis?

Answer 25

structure and support

Question 26

What is the dermis made out of?

Answer 26

dense irregular connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, hair follicles

Question 27

What are the two major layers of the dermis?

Answer 27

1. Papillary | 2. Reticular

Question 28

Which layer, papillary or reticular, is deeper within the dermis?

Answer 28

reticular

Question 29

What kind of tissue is the Papillary layer of the dermis composed of?

Answer 29

areolar tissue

Question 30

What kind of tissue is the Reticular layer of the dermis composed of?

Answer 30

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 31

What is one characteristic of the dermal papillae?

Answer 31

they make fingerprints unique

Question 32

Blood vessels are located in the ____ but not the _____, and allow for the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen to the _____.

Answer 32

dermis, epidermis, stratum basale

Question 33

What are the two sensory structures of the Integument?

Answer 33

Meissner's corpuscle- light-sensitive | Pacinian- responds to deep touch

Question 34

What are the four glands of the Integument?

Answer 34

1. Sudoriferous (sweat) 2. Sebaceous (sebum) 3. Ceruminous (cerumen: ear wax) 4. Lactiferous (milk)

Question 35

What are the two types of Sudoriferous Glands?

Answer 35

Merocrine and Apocrine

Question 36

What does Merocrine do?

Answer 36

cools the body by excreting sweat

Question 37

What does Apocrine do?

Answer 37

leads to hair follicles (releases fatty acids), also responsible for pheromones/body odor

Question 38

What do the Sebaceous glands do?

Answer 38

release an oily substance that covers hair with a waterproof coating

Question 39

What are the functions of the Skeletal System?

Answer 39

support, protection, movement, hematopoesis, mineral reservoir

Question 40

What is hematopoesis?

Answer 40

the creation of blood

Question 41

What is erythropoesis?

Answer 41

formation of red blood cells

Question 42

What is leukopoesis?

Answer 42

formation of white blood cells

Question 43

What are the two main divisions of the Skeletal System?

Answer 43

axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton

Question 44

What are the two main components that make up a bone?

Answer 44

organic material (cells and collagen fibers) and inorganic material (hydroxyapalite)

Question 45

What is hydroxyapalite?

Answer 45

a complex salt of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

Question 46

What does "osteo" mean?

Answer 46

bone

Question 47

What are osteogenic cells?

Answer 47

bone stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts and osteocytes

Question 48

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 48

bone-forming cells that become osteocytes

Question 49

What are osteocytes?

Answer 49

mature bone cells, former osteoblasts, located in the lacunae

Question 50

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 50

surface cells of bones that break bones down using HCl

Question 51

Osteoclasts are generated from ____, while osteocytes and osteoblasts are generated from _____.

Answer 51

blood, osteogenic cells

Question 52

What are the four bone shapes and examples of each?

Answer 52

long (femur), short (wrist), flat (sternum), irregular (vertebrae)

Question 53

What are the epiphyses?

Answer 53

the ends of a long bone (reduced joint friction)

Question 54

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 54

the shaft of a long bone

Question 55

What is an epithesial plate?

Answer 55

a growth plate

Question 56

What are the two ways that bones are prepared for viewing under a microscope?

Answer 56

ground and decalcified

Question 57

What is the medulary cavity?

Answer 57

contains bone marrow, homatopoesis

Question 58

What is the periosteum?

Answer 58

dense, irregular covering outside surface of bone

Question 59

What is the endosteum?

Answer 59

dense, irregular covering inside surface of bone

Question 60

What is articular cartilege?

Answer 60

helps reduce damage during joint movement

Question 61

Flat bones protect _____.

Answer 61

organs