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Anatomy 201L > Integumentary System and Introduction to the Skeletal System > Flashcards

Integumentary System and Introduction to the Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ of the human body?

A

skin

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2
Q

What are four main functions of the Integumentary System?

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Protection
  3. Sensations
  4. Vitamin D
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3
Q

What does the body do to thermoregulate?

A

sweat

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4
Q

What forms of protection does the Integumentary System provide?

A
  1. UV light
  2. trauma
  3. infection
  4. water loss
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5
Q

What types of sensations does the Integumentary System allow us to have?

A
  1. touch
  2. pressure
  3. pain
  4. temperature
  5. emotion
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6
Q

Explain how the Integumentary System is a vital contributor in Vitamin D synthesis.

A

it is necessary for calcium absorbtion

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7
Q

What are the two major regions of the Integumentary System?

A
  1. epidermis

2. dermis

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8
Q

_____ blocks calcium absorbtion.

A

phosphoric acid

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9
Q

Is the hypodermis a part of the Integumentary System?

A

no, but it acts as an anchor and is highly vascularized, bringing nutrients to epidermis cells

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10
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep)?

A
  1. stratum carneum
  2. stratum lucidium
  3. stratum grandulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
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11
Q

What is the major function of keratinocytes?

A

protection against wear and tear

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12
Q

How do melanocytes migrate to more superficial layers?

A

they are put in to the keratinocytes

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13
Q

What layers of the epidermis contain living keratinocytes?

A

stratum basale and stratum spinosum

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14
Q

Does rapid cell division occur in the stratum basale?

A

yes

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15
Q

The _____ spinosum layer can go through mitosis, but the _____ layer cannot.

A

deep, superficial

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16
Q

What is happening when skin hardens (toward the more superficial layers)?

A

it becomes keratinized (dead keratinocytes) and waterproofs

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17
Q

How many layers of flat keratinocytes appear in the stratum grandulosum?

A

3-5

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18
Q

How does the stratum grandulosum usually stain when prepped as a slide for a microscope?

A

dark and coarse

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19
Q

The cells with in the stratum grandulosum contain a _____ substance that helps with _____.

A

lipid-rich (oily), waterproofing

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20
Q

What does the stratum lucidium look like?

A

thin and translucent

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21
Q

Where does the stratum lucidium appear?

A

oily, thick skin

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22
Q

What layer of the epidermis does not appear everywhere?

A

the stratum lucidium

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23
Q

The stratum corneum contains up to __ layers of dead keratinocytes.

A

30

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24
Q

Are there nuclei or organelles within the stratum corneum?

A

no

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25
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

structure and support

26
Q

What is the dermis made out of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, hair follicles

27
Q

What are the two major layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary

2. Reticular

28
Q

Which layer, papillary or reticular, is deeper within the dermis?

A

reticular

29
Q

What kind of tissue is the Papillary layer of the dermis composed of?

A

areolar tissue

30
Q

What kind of tissue is the Reticular layer of the dermis composed of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

31
Q

What is one characteristic of the dermal papillae?

A

they make fingerprints unique

32
Q

Blood vessels are located in the ____ but not the _____, and allow for the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen to the _____.

A

dermis, epidermis, stratum basale

33
Q

What are the two sensory structures of the Integument?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle- light-sensitive

Pacinian- responds to deep touch

34
Q

What are the four glands of the Integument?

A
  1. Sudoriferous (sweat)
  2. Sebaceous (sebum)
  3. Ceruminous (cerumen: ear wax)
  4. Lactiferous (milk)
35
Q

What are the two types of Sudoriferous Glands?

A

Merocrine and Apocrine

36
Q

What does Merocrine do?

A

cools the body by excreting sweat

37
Q

What does Apocrine do?

A

leads to hair follicles (releases fatty acids), also responsible for pheromones/body odor

38
Q

What do the Sebaceous glands do?

A

release an oily substance that covers hair with a waterproof coating

39
Q

What are the functions of the Skeletal System?

A

support, protection, movement, hematopoesis, mineral reservoir

40
Q

What is hematopoesis?

A

the creation of blood

41
Q

What is erythropoesis?

A

formation of red blood cells

42
Q

What is leukopoesis?

A

formation of white blood cells

43
Q

What are the two main divisions of the Skeletal System?

A

axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton

44
Q

What are the two main components that make up a bone?

A

organic material (cells and collagen fibers) and inorganic material (hydroxyapalite)

45
Q

What is hydroxyapalite?

A

a complex salt of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

46
Q

What does “osteo” mean?

A

bone

47
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

bone stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts and osteocytes

48
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

bone-forming cells that become osteocytes

49
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

mature bone cells, former osteoblasts, located in the lacunae

50
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

surface cells of bones that break bones down using HCl

51
Q

Osteoclasts are generated from ____, while osteocytes and osteoblasts are generated from _____.

A

blood, osteogenic cells

52
Q

What are the four bone shapes and examples of each?

A

long (femur), short (wrist), flat (sternum), irregular (vertebrae)

53
Q

What are the epiphyses?

A

the ends of a long bone (reduced joint friction)

54
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

the shaft of a long bone

55
Q

What is an epithesial plate?

A

a growth plate

56
Q

What are the two ways that bones are prepared for viewing under a microscope?

A

ground and decalcified

57
Q

What is the medulary cavity?

A

contains bone marrow, homatopoesis

58
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

dense, irregular covering outside surface of bone

59
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

dense, irregular covering inside surface of bone

60
Q

What is articular cartilege?

A

helps reduce damage during joint movement

61
Q

Flat bones protect _____.

A

organs

Anatomy 201L (7 decks)

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