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Anatomy and Systems > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin (external moving inward)?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

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2
Q

What are the layers of the Epidermis (external moving internal)?

A

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidon, Stratum Granulosome, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale

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3
Q

What cells/ functions are unique to the Stratum Basale layer?

A 
Stem Cells (regeneration)
Rapid mitotic cell division which moves outwards, 
Skin colour determinants (melanocytes creating variant amounts of melanin)
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4
Q

What cells/ functions are unique to the Stratum Spinosum?

A

Desmosomes found here (aids in cell adhesion between keratinocytes)
Keratinocytes are producing cytokeratin
Langerhans cells found here (immune cells)
When water is lost, the cells are still adhered via desmosomes, and create a spiny appearance

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5
Q

What cells/ functions are unique to the Granulosum?

A

Keratinocytes have large presence of keratinhyalin granules

Releases lamellar bodies which contain lipids that form strong lipid layer (provides ‘water-proofing’)

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6
Q

What cells/ functions are unique to the Stratum Lucidum?

A 
Clear layer- found in palms and feet soles
The keratinocytes (which are now dead) are moved up to this layer- and are now clear (no nuclei of organelles).
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7
Q

What cells/ functions are unique to the Stratum Corneum?

A

Top layer, dead (coroner)
Stacked layers of dead, flat- squamous epithelial cells, the keratinocytes (15-100) which will continually fall off.
Reptiles shed this layer.

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8
Q

What are the layers (and their functions) of the dermis (external to internal)?

A

Papillary Dermis- Thin loose, connective tissue (so things can move around and change shape), blood vessels (capillaries), nerve endings (Ruffini endings and Krause end bulbs- for perception of touch/pain), arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle that involuntarily controls hair erection), thin interlacing collagen

Reticular Dermis-Thick, dense connective tissue (so things are anchored down), glands found here which secrete contents into papillary layer, hair follicles are found here, some vessels and nerves

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9
Q

What tissue is in the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis - Epithelial
Dermis- Connective Tissue
Hypodermis- Connective Tissue and Adipose Tissue

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10
Q

What are found in the hypodermis?

A

Contains subcutaneous fat which absorbs shock, and insulates tissue

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11
Q

How does a nail grow?

A

Nail root is attached to the epidermis, keratincoytes move outwards from the stratum basale to form the nail.

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12
Q

How does hair grow?

A

Hair grows from follicle in reticular dermis from stratified squamous epithelial cells filled with keratin, and also surrounded by keratin.
Hair ‘standing up’ is controlled by involuntary smooth muscle found in papillary dermis called Arrector Pili Muscle

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13
Q

What are the 3 types and body locations of glands?

A

Holocrine gland- face, chest, and back
Apocrine Gland- Armpits, groin, and around nipples
Merocrine Gland- Everywhere else in the body, concentrated in palms, soles of the feet

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14
Q

How do the glands release their content?

A

Holocrine- releases by disintegration the whole cell to release sebum (more lipid based secretion)
Apocrine- release secretion from the apex of the cell, the top of the cell breaks off to release proteins, lipids, and steroids into the hair follicle
Merocrine- Watery sweat secretions released by exocytosis (budding off of cells membrane with contents from inside the cell)

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15
Q

How are the glands used?

A

Holocrine- slows bacterial growth, lubricates skin
Apocrine- function after puberty, release pheromones, called emotional sweating
Merocrine- Evaporative cooling, eliminate waste products, release lysozymes (will kills bacteria), and antibodies (help tag bacteria that could harm skin)

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16
Q

What are the formal names for pain and temperature sensing?

A

Pain- Nociception

Temperature- Thermoception

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17
Q

How do we sense temperature/ pain?

A

Trpv1 receptor- sits within cell membrane, heat/ pain (via cell damage releasing molecules that bind the Trpv1 receptor) will cause conformational changes to the external projection of the receptor and send signal to brain.

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18
Q

What molecules are found in Keratohyalin Granules?

A

Profiliggran- Converted to Filiggran which aggregates keratin
Involucrin- Helps form the cell-envelope protecting cells in corneum
Loricrin- cross-linked with Involucrin

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19
Q

What is the location and function of Merkel Cells?

A

Epidermis (mostly Basale)

Sensation

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20
Q

What is the location and function of Langerhan Cells?

A

Epidermis (in Spinosum and upwards)

Immune Cell- Antigen Presentation to Phagocytes

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21
Q

What is the location and function of Melanocytes?

A

Basale layer of Epidermis
Produce melanin within melanosomes, and passes complex out to surrounding cells- forms cap over nucleus protecting from radiation

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22
Q

What is the location and function of Keratinocytes?

A

In Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium in Epidermis
Provide protection and Barrier
Vitamin D production

23
Q

What is the location and function of Stem cells (in relation to skin)?

A

Epidermal Basale Layer

Replenish cells within epidermis

24
Q

What is the location and function of Lamellar Granules?

A

Found in Keratinocytes in Upper Spinosum and Granulosum layer of epidermis, extruding into intercellular space
Release lipids forming water-resistance, aiding in water retention

25
Q

What junctions are found in the epidermis?

A

Hemidesmosomes- between stratum basale and basement membrane, attaching epidermis to dermis
Desmosomes- primarily in stratum spinosum.
Tight Junctions- within the stratum granulosome

26
Q

What are the 3 types of Cellular Junctions?

A

Achoring, GAP/communicating, Tight/Occluding

27
Q

What are different types of anchoring junctions (include cytoskeleton, transmembrane link, and cellular attachment).

A

Desmosomes- Intermediate Filament, Cadheren, Cell-Cell
Hemidesmosomes- Intermediate Filament, Integrin, ECM
Adherens- Actin, BOTH Cadherin (cell-cell) and Integrin (ECM- deemed focal adhesion molecule)

28
Q

What are the different roles of the 3 anchoring junctions within the skin?

A

Desmosomes- Epidermal integrity between keratinocytes
Hemidesmosomes- Bind stratum basale of epidermis to dermis
Adherens- Cadherens hold epithelial cells to each other

29
Q

What cells are found in the dermis?

A

Mostly Fibroblast, type 1 collagen, elastin, ground substance molecules.

30
Q

What forms a GAP/communicating junction?

A

6 Connexins bind together in cell forming Connexon.

Connexon from one cell binds to connexon of another, forming a tunnel.

31
Q

How do anchoring cells attach two cells?

A

The transmembrane link binds/anchors to the cytoskeleton within the cell, and has an arm which extends to bind another arm of a fellow anchoring junction, creating a bridge.

32
Q

What forms a tight/occluding junction?

A

Many different transmembrane proteins (~40) bind to actin within cell, and to corresponding protein on neighbouring cell.

33
Q

What are the 3 main proteins involved in tight junctions?

A

Occludin
Claudin
Junction Adhesion Molecules

34
Q

What are the types of cytoskeleton (largest to smallest) and what are they composed of?

A

Microtubule- alpha and beta tubulin dimers
Intermediate Filament- keratin, vimentin, desmin, lamins
Microfilament- actin

35
Q

What are the motor proteins in actin and microtubules?

A

Actin - myasin

Microtubules- dynein and kinesin

36
Q

What do fibroblasts within the dermis do?

A 
Wound healing (collagen type 1, 2, 3)
Synthesis (collagen, elastin, ECM components)
Growth Factor (FGF-keratinocyte migration)
37
Q

What do dermal dendritic cells do?

A

Phagocytosis

Antigen Presentation

38
Q

What do Mast Cells in the dermis do?

A

Produce inflammatory mediators (histamine, heparin)

Release chemotactic factors for neutrophils and eosinophils

39
Q

What are the molecules of the dermis and their function?

A

Elastin- stretch and coil to allow for movement
Collagen Type 1- provide strength via fibrous proteins
Glycosaminoglycans - Hydration
Proteoglycans- Hydration

40
Q

In the process of inflammation in wound healing, what is the order of cellular recruitment if the dermal layer is broken?

A
  1. Macrophages/Monocytes in area release cytokines (TNF, IL-1,6,8,12) which recruit Neutrophils
  2. NEUTROPHILS phagocytose bacteria/dead cells
  3. Neutrophils recruit more MACROPHAGES which recruit FRIBROBLASTS
41
Q

____ stimulates fribroblasts to produce ______ which holds wounds together.

A

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

Collagen Type 3

42
Q

Granulation Tissue consists of…?

A

Fibroblasts, type 3 collagen, immune cells (macrophages/monocytes/neutraphils/lymphocytes (Abs))

43
Q

What are the stages of wound healing?

A
  1. Heamostasis
  2. Inflammation
  3. Proliferation
  4. Maturation
44
Q

What are some key cytokines involved in wound healing, as well as their role(s)?

A

TNF, IL-1,6,8,12- Released by Macrophages, promote inflammation
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor- Released by activated platelets, stimulates fibroblasts to produce collagen 3, promotes matrix formation
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor- Released by Macrophages, promotes angiogenesis
Epidermal Growth Factor- Promotes keratinocyte proliferation
Fibroblast Growth Factor- Released by fibroblasts, promote keratinocyte/fibroblast proliferation, and keratinocyte migration

45
Q

What tissue matures into scar tissue?

A

Granulation tissue

46
Q

What can slow wound healing?

A

Diabetes- can impede circulation

Alcohol/Smoking- impact oxidation levels, slowing vascularization

47
Q

What is a myofibroblast?

A

A chain of fibroblasts that pull wound ends together.

48
Q

How is plasminogen utilized in the wound healing process?

A

It’s converted to active plasmin which breaks down weak fibrin stands within blood clots (fibrinolysis) allowing for stronger support (collagen) to be put in place.

49
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue, with their function?

A

Connective- Support and protect
Muscle- Smooth, Cardiac and skeletal
Epithelial- line our surfaces
Nervous- contain neurons/nerves in ECM

50
Q

How can tissue be categorized?

A

Stroma- scaffolding and nutrition

parenchyma- working tissue

51
Q

What are the common terminology used to describe epithelial cells?

A

Simple vs Stratified vs Pseudostratified - 1 vs many layers vs looks like many layers, but only 1 true layer
Squamous- flat
Cuboidal- cube
Columnar- tall

52
Q

What are the primary roles of intermediate filaments?

A

Provide support, and attachment for cellular organelles

53
Q

What are the primary roles of microtubules?

A

Cell movement
Originate from microtubule organising centre (the centriole), and move vesicles, granules, and organelles around the cell.
Aid in cell division (mitotic spindles)

54
Q

What are the primary roles of microfilaments?

A

Associated with transmembrane and linking proteins beneath cell membrane, forming cell cortex.
Cell movement, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Form microvilli, lamellipodia, and filopodia.

Anatomy and Systems (7 decks)

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