Axial Skeleton

Question 1

Name the 8 Cranial Bones

Answer 1

Occipital, Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid

Question 2

What bone allows for mastication?

Answer 2

The Madible

Question 3

How is the mandible connected to the rest of the skull

Answer 3

Via the temporomandibular joint connecting the Mandibular Condyle to the Mandibular Fossa of the Temporal Bone

Question 4

What bones make up the optic

Answer 4

Frontal bone, Zygomatic bone, Maxillary bone, Lacrimal Bone, Ethmoid Bone, Sphenoid Bone, Palatine Bone

Question 5

How is the skull connected to the spine?

Answer 5

The Atlanto-Occipital Joint combining the Superior Articular Facets of the Atlas (C1) to the Occipital Condyle

Question 6

What type of joint is the Atlanto-Occipital Joint?

Answer 6

Pair of Condyloid joints (allows for movement in two planes)

Question 7

What type of movement does the Atlanto-Occipital Joint allow for?

Answer 7

Flexion (head towards chest) and extension (head away from chest)

Question 8

Describe the structure of the Mandible

Answer 8

Contains alveolar margins (for teeth), mandibular symphysis (where two side of mandible fused), mental foramen, mandibular angle, mandibular ramus, Mandibular notch, Coranoid Process, Mandibular condyle (articulates with Mandibular fossa of Temporal Bone).

Question 9

Describe the structure of the Temporal Bone

Answer 9

Zygomatic Process, Mastoid Process, Styloid Process, External and Internal Acoustic Meatus, Middle Cranial Fossa, Mandibular Fossa

Question 10

What are the 5 parts of the Temporal Bone?

Answer 10

1. Squamous (thin, superior)
2. Petrous (anterior of Sphenoid Greater Wings and basilar part of occipital)
3. Mastoid (inferior)
4. Tympanic
5. Styloid Process

Question 11

What bones does the temporal bone articulate with?

Answer 11

Parietal, Sphenoid, Occipital, Zygoma, Mandible

Question 12

What is the structure of the Sphenoid Bone?

Answer 12

Body (containing anterior sphenoidal crest, posterior chiasmatic groove and (inferior) tuberculum sellae),
2 greater wings (extends laterally of body),
2 small wings (superior),
2 pterygoid process (inferior, divide down into lateral and medial pterygoid plates).
Contains optic canal within lesser wings and body.

Question 13

What 8 bones does the Sphenoid Bone articulate with?

Answer 13

Ethmoid (anteriorly via spheniodal crest to perpendicular plate),
Vomer & Palatine (anteriorly)
Temperal (posterolaterally)
Frontal, Parietal, Zygomatic (laterally)
Occipital (posteriorly via sphenoidal body, ossified together by 25 years old).

Question 14

What bones does the Occipital Bone articulate with?

Answer 14

Sphenoid (anteriorly to sphenoidal body), parietal and temporal bones (superiorly and laterally), and Atlas (inferiorly).

Question 15

What are the parts of the Occipital Bone?

Answer 15

The Basilar-Extends anteriorly to attach to sphenoid
The Condylar- Inferior, surrounding the foramen magnum, includes occipital condyles
The Squamous- most superior (pointed triangle), posterior

Question 16

How are the bones of the head articulated with eachother?

Answer 16

Via sutures (except for the mandible)

Question 17

What bones are the Parietal bones articulated?

Answer 17

Occipital (Lamdoid suture), other Parietal (Saggital Suture), Temporal (Squamous suture), Frontal Bones (Coronal suture)

Question 18

What bones does the Frontal bones articulate with?

Answer 18

Parietal (2), Maxillae (2), Nasal (2), Zygomatic (2), Lacrimal (2), Sphenoid, Ethmoid

Question 19

What are the vertebra named?

Answer 19

C1-C7 -> T1-T12 -> L1-L5 -> Sacrum -> Coccyx

Question 20

What sits between each vertebra and why?

Answer 20

Intervertebral disc (or fibrocartilage)- strongest type of cartilage, shock absorbance, acts as ligament attaching vertebral bodies, and as joint allowing for minor movement.
Zygapophyseal joint (demi/facet joint)- Attaches the 2 inferior articular processes of a vertebra to the 2 superior articulate processes of the vertebra below.

Question 21

What are the names of all the ribs?

Answer 21

Vertebrosternal Ribs (True)- Ribs 1-7
Vertebrochondular Ribs (False)- Ribs 8-10
Vertebral Ribs (False/ Floating)- Ribs 11-12

Question 22

What type of cartilage attaches the ribs to the sternum?

Answer 22

Hyaline cartilage- it is flexible but supportive. Has high amounts of collagen

Question 23

Where do the ribs articulate with the spine?

Answer 23

Number of ribs correspond numerically.
Costovertebral Joints- Head of rib (articular facet) to superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebral body and the inferior costal facet of the vertebra superior.
Costotransverse Joint- Tubercle of rib to the transverse costal facet on the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra (anteriorly).

Question 24

Where do the ribs articulate with the sternum?

Answer 24

Ribs attach directly/indirectly via constal cartilage to sternum
R1- manubrium
R2-7- Independently to body of the sternum
R8-10- To the costal cartilage of R7
R11-12- No attachment to sternum (floating ribs)

Question 25

How can you differentiate between the vertebra (C/T/L)?

Answer 25

Cervical vertebra - small (or no for 1 & 2) body, a small, bifid spinous process, and a transverse foramen.
Thoracic Vertebra - transverse processes which sit at a 90 degree angle between each other, and medium sized vertebral body.
Lumbar vertebra - very large vertebral bodies and the transverse processes sit at ~170 degree angle.

Question 26

What are the processes of the vertebra?

Answer 26

Spinous process (points posteriorly)
Transverse processes (2, point laterally)
Superior Articular Process (2, point superiorly)
Inferior Articular Process (2, point inferiorly)