integumentary system

Question 1

Integumentary
System

Answer 1

-The Integumentary
system includes:
◦Skin – largest organ
of the body
◦Accessory Organs:
 Hair
 Nails
-Serves to protect the
viscera (internal
organs) and regulate
temperature

Question 2

Structure of the
Skin

Answer 2

1) epidermis
2) dermis
3) hypodermis

Question 3

Epidermis

Answer 3

Outermost layer of skin
- Stratum Corneum– hard
outermost layer of epidermis
- Stratum Basale – produces new cells of epidermis

Question 4

Stratum Corneum (epidermis)

Answer 4

hard outermost layer of epidermis
◦Produces a protein called keratin
◦Keratinization causes hardening of dead skin cells, making skin waterproof.

Question 5

Stratum Basale (epidermis)

Answer 5

produces new cells of epidermis
◦Contains Langerhans cells (for immunity) and melanocytes (make pigment to give skin color)

Question 6

Dermis

Answer 6

Thick layer of connective tissue containing the Dermal papillae and
collagen & elastic fibers- stretching & movement
◦Blood vessels
◦Sensory Nerves
◦Sebaceous Glands
◦Hair Follicles

Question 7

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous
Layer)

Answer 7

 Deepest layer of skin
Composed of loose
connective tissue and adipose tissue (fat)
◦Helps to store energy, insulate body, and provides protective padding

Question 8

Five Functions of the
Skin

Answer 8

1. Protection
2. Regulates Water Loss
3. Produces Vitamin D
4. Gathers Sensory
   Information
5. Regulates Body
   Temperature

Question 9

Functions of the
Skin- Protection

Answer 9

• Physical barrier to disease, dirt, and UV radiation
• Bacteria and other invaders are prevented entry by the top dead layer of skin and the acidic, oily secretion from sebaceous glands (sebum).

Question 10

Functions of the
Skin- Regulates Water Loss

Answer 10

 Keratinization of the dead skin outer layer also prevents water from entering or leaving the skin, even when immersed in water.
Skin works with the urinary
system to sweat off some excess water.

Question 11

Functions of the
Skin- Produces Vitamin D

Answer 11

Melanocytes produce melanin to protect against harmful UV radiation from the sun and also to produce Vitamin D
Vitamin D helps regulate the
uptake of calcium by the digestive system.
Calcium is needed for strong bones.

Question 12

Functions of the
Skin- Gathers Sensory
Information

Answer 12

Sensory receptors are linked to the nervous system
Receptors specialize in
sensing
◦Touch
◦Pressure
◦Pain
◦Temperature (hot & cold)
 Many receptors in hands

Question 13

Functions of the
Skin

Answer 13

When the body is too hot, the
skin will help to release heat
to cool the body temperature
back to 98.6°:
◦Sweat
◦Dilation of dermal blood vessels
When the body is too cold, the skin will help to raise body temperature back to 98.6° by generating heat:
◦Shivering (muscle contraction)
◦Goosebumps (contraction of
arector pili muscles attached to hair follicles) cause hair to trap heat

Question 14

Hypothermia

Answer 14

Lower body temp. than normal interferes with the body’s normal functions and eventually ends in death

Question 15

Hyperthermia

Answer 15

Higher body temp. than normal results in dehydration (from excess sweating) and heat stroke.

Question 16

Skin Disorders

Answer 16

1. Chronic Disorders
2. Infectious
Disorders
3. Burns
4. Skin Cancers

Question 17

Urticaria
(Hives)

Answer 17

◦Raised, often itchy,
red welts on skin surface
◦Usually due to an allergic reaction (to animal dander,
insect bites, pollen, shellfish, nuts, eggs, milk)
◦Also caused by caused by stress, extreme cold or hot, or illness​

Question 18

Eczema

Answer 18

Chronic skin disorder that
involves scaly and itchy rashes
Dry, flaky, blistering skin
appears red and inflamed
Intense itching and burning
sensations
Can be triggered by allergic
reactions to chemicals,
fabrics, heat, dryness

Question 19

Dandruff (Seborrheic
dermatitis)

Answer 19

Caused by a yeast
White, flaky, inflammatory
skin condition
Often found on the scalp
Not contagious

Question 20

Psoraiasis

Answer 20

-Flaky, silver-white patches called scales​
-Redness and irritation​
-Genetic​
-The body produces too many new skin cells.​
-Normally skin cell turn around is ~30 days, but with psoraiasis, turn over is around one week.​

Question 21

Albinism​

Answer 21

Genetic disorder in which the body cannot produce melanin
Symptoms: absence of color in hair, skin, or iris; light
sensitivity; prone to sunburn
& skin cancer

Question 22

Impetigo

Answer 22

◦Bacterial infection
◦Highly contagious
◦Causes blisters or sores on face and hands
◦Common among kids

Question 23

Acne

Answer 23

Caused by an
overproduction of
sebum and oil, leading to clogging of the pores
Clogged pores trap
bacteria, dead skin
cells, and pus (white
blood cells)
Inflammation and swelling form red bumps
Pimples deep in the skin can form painful cysts

Question 24

Other causes of acne

Answer 24

Genetics
Hormonal changes due to
menstrual cycles (females) or
stress
Greasy or oily cosmetic and hair products
Certain drugs (such as steroids, testosterone, estrogen)
High levels of humidity and
sweating
Diets high in refined sugars

Question 25

Athlete’s Foot

Answer 25

Fungal infection
Very common on foot or other moist, warm areas of body
Fungus infects the upper
layers of the skin, causing
itching, cracking, and pain

Question 26

Ringworm

Answer 26

Not a worm, caused by fungus
Occurs in warm,
moist areas with
frequent wetness
(such as from
sweating) and minor
injuries to your skin
Itchy, red, raised,
scaly patches that
may blister and ooze

Question 27

Necrotizing Fasciitis

Answer 27

 “Flesh-eating disease”
Very rare bacterial infection
Necrosis (death) of the
subcutaneous layer of skin

Question 28

MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus)

Answer 28

Staph infections are
caused by bacteria
Staphylococcus bacteria normally lives on the skin with
no problems
MRSA is a strain that
is resistant to antibiotics and
therefore very dangerous or deadly

Question 29

Signs & Symptoms MRSA

Answer 29

People in hospitals are most likely to get MRSA
Staph skin infections start as small red bumps that resemble
pimples, boils or spider bites
Quickly turn into deep, painful abscesses that must be surgically drained
Sometimes the bacteria remain in the skin, but if it penetrates into the body, it can be life-threatening

Question 30

Skin Burns

Answer 30

A burn is tissue damage
which destroys cell proteins
and cause cell death in the
affected areas
Caused by:
◦Heat
◦Radiation (sunlight, tanning
beds)
◦Chemicals
◦Electricity

Question 31

Degrees of Burns- 1st
Degree Burn

Answer 31

◦Burns only the epidermis (ex.Sunburn)
◦Redness & Pain, no blistering

Question 32

Degrees of Burns- 2nd
Degree Burn

Answer 32

Burns occur in the epidermis
and some of the dermis
Redness, Pain, & blistering

Question 33

Degrees of Burns- 3rd
Degree Burn

Answer 33

The epidermis, dermis, and
hypodermis are destroyed
Damage to the nerve endings
(ex. Exposure to direct fire)

Question 34

Extent of Burns

Answer 34

“Rule of Nines”
◦Body is divided into 11 regions
(each accounting for 9% of total body area)
Critical Burns
◦Cover more than10% of
the body’s surface area
◦Burns on face, genitals,
or completely encircling
the hands or feet

Question 35

Treatment of Critical
Burns

Answer 35

Complications:
◦Infection, hypothermia,
dehydration
Intense doses of intravenous fluids to replace electrolyte imbalance
Warm and isolated
environment to reduce risk of
infection
Skin graft can be done as
soon as patient is stable

Question 36

Skin Cancer

Answer 36

Risk Factors
◦Age (Older people)
◦Light-skin
◦Excessive sun exposure
◦Genetics (family history)
◦Chemical exposure
When to see your doctor:
◦If you have any of the warning signs, are older, or have a family history of skin cancer

Question 37

Cancer

Answer 37

abnormal division of a cell that has undergone a DNA mutation

Question 38

Tumor

Answer 38

mass of mutated cells

Question 39

Metastasis

Answer 39

the spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another

Question 40

Two Categories of Skin
Cancer

Answer 40

◦1) Non-Melanoma
 Includes Basal cell
carcinoma and
Squamous cell
carcinoma
◦2) Melanoma

Question 41

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 41

Most common skin cancer
Occurs – in sun-exposed areas
Appearance – pearly or waxy bump or a flat, flesh-colored or brown scar-like legion
Treatment – cryosurgery,
surgical removal
◦95% of patients easily cured,
but it may come back

Question 42

Squamous Cell
Carcinoma

Answer 42

Five times less common than basal cell carcinoma, but more likely to spread to nearby organs
Occurs – on sun-exposed areas
Appearance – firm, red nodule or a flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface
Treatment – cryosurgery,
surgical removal,

Question 43

Melanoma

Answer 43

Most dangerous skin cancer because it can metastasize (spread) and lead to death
Occurs – anywhere on body’s skin
Appearance – large brownish spot with darker speckles or a mole that
changes in color, size or bleeds
◦Men – on trunk, head or neck
◦Women – lower legs
Treatment – surgical removal, radiation, chemotherapy