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Anatamy And Physiology > Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Elements

A

-The simplest form of matter
- cannot be broken down into other substances

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2
Q

CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfer)

A

Six elements that makes up the majority of the body

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3
Q

Hydrogen (H)

A

Percent of human body: 9.5
Significant in Body: found in nearly every compound in the body

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4
Q

Carbon (C)

A

Percent of human body:18.5
Significant in Body: backbone of all organic molecules

  • is the central element because it can form 4 bonds (more than most elements)
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5
Q

Nitrogen (N)

A

Percent of human body:3.2
Significant in Body: part of proteins and nucleic acids

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6
Q

Oxygen (O)

A

Percent of human body: 6.5
Significant in Body: part of water, needed for cellular respiration

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7
Q

Sulfer (S)

A

Percent of human body: 0.3
Significant in Body: part of some proteins

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8
Q

Phosphorus (P)

A

Percent of human body: 1.0
Significant in Body: bone teeth and nucleic acids

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9
Q

Iodine (I)

A

Trace element deficiency
- thyroid gland cannot produce hormones and enlarges.

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10
Q

Iron (Fe)

A

Trace element deficiencies
- blood cannot produce enough red blood cells, causing anemia

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11
Q

Calcium (Ca)

A

Trace element deficiencies
- bone density decreases over Time, causing osteoporosis

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12
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest components of elements, and are made up of three parts: protons, neutrons and electrons

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13
Q

Protons

A

Have a positive charge, determines the identity of the atom and is in the nucleus

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14
Q

Neutrons

A

Have no charge and is in the nucleus. + protons = the mass of the atom

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15
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged, orbits around the nucleus and determines the chemical bonds the atom will form with other atoms

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16
Q

Electron shells

A
  • Used in chemistry
  • shows electrons and how they interact during chemical bonding
  • helps understanding valence electrons
  • the model is inaccurate because electrons are always moving and are always in empty spaces
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17
Q

Space fillings

A
  • used in biology class
  • shows molecular shapes and interactions between molecules
  • electrons are drawn as a cloud to show rapid movement.
  • i wish i can insert a pic here lol
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18
Q

Neutral atoms

A
  • Has equal number of protons and electrons
  • positive and negative charges cancels out

Ex- fluorine (F), 9 protons, 9 electrons, no net change

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19
Q

Ions

A

Atoms that have gained or lost and electrons, becoming charged
- (+) positively charged- lost an electron
- (-) negatively charged- gained an electron

Ex- Florine ion (F-), 9 protons, 10 electrons and -1 net charge

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20
Q

Electrolytes

A

Ions found in body cells or fluids called electrolytes

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21
Q

Electrolytes- sodium (Na+)

A

Found in tears, blood, and sweat

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22
Q

Electrolytes- POTASSIUM (K+)

A

Found in nerves, and blood

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23
Q

Electrolytes- CALCIUM (Ca^2+)

A

Found in blood, muscle and bones

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24
Q

Electrolytes- CHLORIDE (Cl-)

A

Found in blood and stomach acid

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25
Q

Compounds

A
  • single molecule made of two or more elements
    Ex- water (h20) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
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26
Q

Mixtures

A
  • Compounds and elements in the same place but not chemically combined
    Ex- urine, tears, air
27
Q

Chemical bonding

A
  • a force of attraction between two atoms based on the sharing or transfer of electrons
28
Q

Ionic

A

Attraction between oppositely-charged ions formed when electrons are transferred.
Ex- NaCl (table salt)

29
Q

Covalent

A

Formed by two or more atoms sharing electrons.
- Ex: H2 (hydrogen gas)

30
Q

Single bond

A

H
I
H—C—H
I
H
- One paired of shared electrons

31
Q

Double bond

A

Two pairs of electrons being shared

H H
\ /
C=C
/. \
H. H

32
Q

Triple bond

A

Three pairs of electrons are shared
_
H-C = C-H

  • those are three lines
33
Q

Water

A
  • 60% of the human body and essential to all life
  • is a polar molecule (has both positive and negative ends)
  • forms hydrogen bonds with each other (negative ends attracts positive ends)
  • has high heat capacity( large amount of heat is needed to rais the temperature)
  • a universal solvent because it can dissolve any ionic and polar covalent compound.
34
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction of water molecules to each other, resulting in the formation of droplets and surface tension.

35
Q

Adhesion

A

The attraction of water molecules to a surface

36
Q

Solute (antacid)

A

A substance that gets dissolved

37
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid that dissolves the solute

38
Q

Solution

A

The result mixture of the solvent and the solute

39
Q

Acid

A
  • Releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water
  • has pH less than 7
40
Q

Base

A

-Release hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
- have a pH greater than 7

41
Q

Neutral solutions

A

Releases equal amounts of both ions (acids and bases)

42
Q

Buffer systems

A

Mixture of chemicals that can maintain a certain pH by either absorbing or releasing H+ ions.

Ex
- bicarbonate (HCO^3-) is te buffer used for blood
- H+ ions are removed to increase breathing rates, raising pH
- H+ ions are generated by releasing bicarbonate
(HCO^3-) in urine, lowering pH.

43
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Structure and properties of the essential molecules of living organisms

44
Q

Organic compounds

A
  • larger and mostly made of carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds.
45
Q

Polymers

A
  • most of organic compounds
  • made of repeating units
    ]
46
Q

Monomers

A

Individual units

47
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • compounds used to store instructions within cells.
    Ex- DNA, RNA, ATP
    Monomer- nucleotides (molecules containing a phosphate (PO4), 5- carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base
48
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
    Ex- starch
    Monomers- glucose (monosaccharides)
49
Q

Proteins

A

are polymers made of amino acids with a wide variety of functions and structures.

There are 20 different amino acids that can be combined to form nearly an infinite number of proteins and peptides.

Ex- insulin
Monomer- Amino acids

50
Q

Lipids

A

Ex- fats, steroids
Monomer- none. They’re technically not a polymer
- molecules mostly composed with carbon and hydrogen
- they’d hydrophobic (can’t dissolve in water)

51
Q

DNA

A
  • contains all of the organism genetic informations in the nucleus
  • Deoxyribose (a sugar) and phosphate form the spiraling double helix “backbone” of the molecule.
  • Nitrogenous bases form the “rungs” of the molecule.
52
Q

RNA

A
  • similar to DNA but its found in the outside of the nucleus
    Differences with DNA- single stranded helix, uracil used as a nucleotide in place of thymine, ribose is in place of the deoxyribose as the sugar
53
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and ADP (adenosine diphosphate + phosphate)

A

ATP- A nucleotide to transfer energy within cells.
Broken down to ADP when energy is needed

Analogy ig
- my phone is fully charged (ATP) but as time goes by, my battery decreases (ADP)

54
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • carbohydrates with one sugar monomer
    EX
  • glucose (blood sugar)
    Function- short term energy storage
55
Q

Disaccharide

A

Carbohydrates with two sugar monomers
Ex-
- sucrose, lactose
Function- energy storage

56
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates with three or more monosaccharides

Starch: Energy storage in plants

Cellulose: Cell walls in plants

Glycogen: Energy storage in animals
Chitin: Exoskeleton of insects

57
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

-long chains of atoms with single bonds only
- solid at room temperature

58
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • long chains of carbo atoms with single and double bonds
  • liquid at room temperature
59
Q

Triglycerides

A

Lipids made of Glycerol, a 3-carbon molecule
- three fatty acids
- primary components of body fat
- can accumulate in arteries

60
Q

Phospholipids

A

made of two fatty acids and a phosphate (PO4).

The phosphate “head” is polar (charged) and hydrophilic (water loving).

The fatty acids “tails” are nonpolar (no charge) and hydrophobic (water repelling).

spontaneously arrange themselves as liposomes, micelles, or bilayer sheets to keep the hydrophobic tails away from water.

61
Q

Steroids

A

lipids with four interconnected carbon rings.

Examples: Cholesterol, testosterone, cortisol, estrogen.

62
Q

Amino acids

A

The sequence of amino acids determines the shape of a protein, which then determines its function.

Ex-

Keratin-
Long, fibrous shape. Protective function in skin and fingernails.

Hemoglobin-
Globular shape. Holds oxygen in red blood cells

63
Q

Denaturation

A

is a change in the shape of a protein that causes it to lose its normal function.

Normal Protein- Correct shape and structure
Biologically active
I_
I
Denaturation
Caused by heat or exposure to acids
I_
I
Denatured Protein
Altered shape and structure, Biologically inactive
,Usually irreversible

64
Q

Enzymes

A
  • are proteins that catalyze or speed up the rate of a chemical reaction in the body.

Substrate
Molecule the enzyme works on. Hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2)

Product
Molecules that result from the catalyzed reaction.
Oxygen (O2) and water (H2O)

  • According to the lock-and-key theory, each enzyme will only be active against the substrate that fits its shape.
    Denatured enzymes will be inactive.

Anatamy And Physiology (14 decks)

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