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Anatamy And Physiology > cell structure and function > Flashcards

cell structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

⬡ Physical separation between the inner cell
and external environments.
⬡ Site of nutrient and waste exchange.
⬡ Sensation of environmental changes or
communication from other cells.
⬡ Structural connection to neighboring cell

A

Plasma Membrane Functions

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2
Q
  • the barrier that surrounds all cells and forms their surface.
  • ______are selectively permeable,
    meaning only certain molecules can pass.
  • Small nonpolar- , molecules (CO2, O2) are freely
    permeable.
    *Large polar molecules - (glucose, proteins,
    water) are impermeable without a protein
    channel
A

plasma membrane

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3
Q

the main component of plasma membranes.
⬡ Hydrophobic fatty acid tails are insoluble in water.
- Hydrophilic “Head” (Phosphate)
- Hydrophobic “Tails” (Fatty Acids)
⬡ Hydrophilic phosphate heads are soluble in water.

A

Phospholipid

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4
Q

–a double-layer sheet where
the hydrophobic tails congregate in the middle.
⬢ Protein-senable communication, transportation, and adhesion

A

The phospholipids form a bilayer

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5
Q

Water Vapor (H2O)
⬡ Nitrogen (N2)
⬡ Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
⬡ Methane (CH4)
⬡ Ammonia (NH3)

A

Life began around 4 billion years ago with an
atmosphere that contained..

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6
Q

The _________ was an
experiment constructed to replicate
conditions on the early Earth. ⬡ Electrodes simulated lightning. ⬡ The 5L flask was filled with gases
found in the early atmosphere.
⬡ A 500mL flask contains boiling water
to simulate evaporation from the
oceans.
⬢ After two weeks… ⬡ Carbon was converted to sugars,
amino acids, and parts of nucleic acids.

A

Miller-Urey Apparatus

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7
Q

The ______explains the importance of
cells to life:
⬢ All living organisms are made of cells.
⬢ Cells express all characteristics of life
(reproduction, homeostasis, etc)
⬢ All existing cells are derived from other
cells.

A

CELL THEORY

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8
Q

-Prokaryotes- Smaller cells (0.1-0.5μm), No nucleus or organelles, Always single-celled
-Eukaryotes- Larger cells (10-100μm), Nucleus and organelles present, Single or multicellular

A

TYPES OF CELLS

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9
Q

is the passive movement of molecules from areas of greater to lower concentration.
⬡ The concentration gradient is the gradually changing amount of the particle across a distance
 Molecules moving from area of high concentration
to area of low concentration
 No energy is required
 Occurs because molecules constantly move and
collide with each other

A

Diffusion

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10
Q

Osmosis

A

is the movement of water molecules through protein channels called aquaporins.
⬢ Water molecules move towards areas with more solutes(salts, sugars).

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11
Q
  • Receptor- Respond to chemical signals, like hormones.
  • Carrier- Transport materials across membranes.
  • Enzymes- Increase the rate of membrane chemical reactions.
  • Anchoring- Attachment to other cells.
  • Recognition- Identify the cell as “self” to the
    immune system
A

Types of Membrane Proteins

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12
Q

act as lubricants, adhesives, or part of the cell recognition system

A

Membrane carbohydrates

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13
Q
  • are selectively permeable, meaning only certain molecules can pass.
  • Small nonpolar- molecules (CO2, O2) are freely permeable.
  • Large polar molecules-
    (glucose, proteins, water) are impermeable without a protein channel.
A

Plasma membranes

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14
Q

Solution Tonicity

A

*Hypertonic-
Higher concentration of
solute outside of cell.
Water moves out of cell.
Cell shrivels.

*Hypotonic-
Lower concentration of
solute outside of cell.
Water moves in to the cell
Cell bursts.

*Isotonic-
Equal concentration of
solute in and out of cell.
Water moves in and out.
No cell change.

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15
Q

Protein channels allow the
diffusion of molecules that would
otherwise be impermeable.
Passive: No energy required

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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16
Q

Protein channels move
substances against the
concentration gradient.
Active: requires energy

A

Active Transport

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17
Q

uses membranous sacs to transport large amounts of material at once.

A

Vesicular transport

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18
Q

moves material
out of the cell.

A

Exocytosis

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19
Q

moves material in to the cell.
cell membrane engulfs
the larger molecule and brings it into
the cell
 Two types:
◦ Phagocytosis: cytoplasm surrounds a
molecule and packages it in a food
vacuole
◦ Pinocytosis: cell membrane forms
pockets filled with liquid and pinch off to
form vacuoles in a cell

A

Endocytosis

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20
Q

a type of endocytosis where white blood cell engulf bacteria or viruses whole

A

Phagocytosis

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21
Q

the fluid found within cells containing nutrients, ion and proteins.

A

Cytosolis

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22
Q

are individual structures that have specific jobs.

A

Organelles

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23
Q

The ________ is a network of protein filaments that give the cell structure and support its shape.

A

cytoskeleton

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24
Q

Fingerlike
extensions that
increase
surface area

A

Microvilli (cytoskeleton shape)

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25
Q

Cylindrical
structures that
direct
chromosomes
during mitosis.

A

Centrioles (cytoskeleton shape)

26
Q

Long, slender
extensions of
plasma
membrane that
can move
independently.

A

Cilia (cytoskeleton shape)

27
Q

Very long
extensions of
plasma
membrane that
can move
independently.

A

Flagella (cytoskeleton shape)

28
Q

do all the work in a cell, and must be produced and maintained by a series of structures

A

Proteins

29
Q

Tiny particles
made of RNA
that build
proteins.

A

Ribosomes

30
Q

Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)

A

Network of
membranes covered
in ribosomes.
“Protein factory.”

31
Q

Membranes with no
ribosomes that build
lipids and
carbohydrates

A

Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)

32
Q

Flattened discs of
membrane that
package proteins in
vesicles.

A

Golgi

33
Q

are temporary storage organelles made of a
phospholipid bilayer

A

Vesicles

34
Q

Contain material to
be released outside
the cell via
exocytosis.

A

Secretory Vesicles

35
Q

Digestive enzymes that
break down worn cell
parts, bacteria, or
viruses.

A

Lysosomes

36
Q
  • Smaller than
    lysosomes
    Digest fatty acids and
    amino acids.
  • release a toxic, reactive waste
    product called hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) .
    ⬡ Must be neutralized by an enzyme called
    catalase before it damages the cell.
A

Perioxisomes

37
Q

the process of cellular respiration to extract
the energy in sugars to release ATP, releasing carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

A

Mitochondria

38
Q

Spread
throughout the
nucleus.

A

Chromatin

39
Q

Condensed
and tightly
coiled.

A

Chromosomes

40
Q

The ________
separates the DNA from
the rest of the cell.

A

nuclear envelope

41
Q

______ enable
the movement of
material through the nucleus

A

Nuclear pores

42
Q

The _______ assembles
ribosomes.

A

nucleolus

43
Q

DNA helicase

A

the DNA double-helix has to be unwound
with an enzyme

44
Q

is the process of copying part of
a DNA molecule to a smaller RNA molecule
with an enzyme called RNA polymerase.
⬢ The new mRNA molecule can pass through
a nuclear pore to the rough ER.

A

Transcription

45
Q

is single-stranded and uses uracil (U) in
place of thymine (T), following this pattern:
⬡ A→ U
⬡ T→ A
⬡ C→ G
⬡ G→ C

A

mRNA

46
Q

sequences of three bases in
mRNA.
⬢ Each codon will translate to a single amino
acid in the protein that will be constructed.
⬡ AUG serves as the start codon.
⬡ UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons

A

Codons

47
Q
  • is the construction of a protein
    at a ribosome from the mRNA template.
    ⬢ mRNA codons are matched up with
    tRNA anti codons to ensure the
    correct amino acid is added.
  • After translation, the protein is packaged in
    the Golgi for transport
A

Translation

48
Q

Each codon
specifies for only
one amino acid.
AUU always
codes for
isoleucine (ILE).

A

Non
Ambiguous

49
Q

The same
codon-aminoacid
combinations are
found in all
organisms.

A

Universal

50
Q

Each amino acid
has multiple
codons that
signal for it.
Isoleucine (ILE)
s coded by AUU,
AUC, and AUA.

A

Redundant

51
Q

The time spent in
between cell
divisions.
Cells grow and
perform their normal
tasks during this
time.

A

Interphase

52
Q

The division of the
nucleus into two
identical copies.

A

Mitosis

53
Q

The division of
the cytosol and
organelles.

A

Cytokinesis

54
Q

The nucleus directs the activities of the cell
through the building of proteins

A

Protein Synthesis

55
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Example:
-Proteins: forms channels and pumps to
move materials across membranes
- Carbohydrates: act like identification cards
so cells can identify one another

56
Q

 Energy is not required for
movement across the membrane to
occur
 Molecules move from area of high
concentration to area of low
concentration
 Example: Like riding a bike downhill

-Two factors determine if passive
transport takes place, equilibrium
and permeability

A

Passive Transport

57
Q

when the concentrations on
both sides of the membrane are equal

A

Equilibrium

58
Q
  • ability of a molecule to diffuse (move) across a membrane
  • Impermeable: molecules that cannot
    pass across a membrane
  • semi-permeable/selective permeability:
    Some molecules can pass across the
    membrane while other molecules cannot
A

Permeability:

59
Q

 Energy required for molecules to pass across
◦ ATP – the “battery” of the cell
◦ Breaking a bond in ATP releases energy
◦ Can “pump” molecules from low to high
concentration (against concentration gradient)

A

Active transport

60
Q

cytoplasm surrounds a
molecule and packages it in a food
vacuole

A

Phagocytosis(endocytosis)

61
Q

cell membrane forms
pockets filled with liquid and pinch off to
form vacuoles in a cell

A

Pinocytosis(endocytosis)

Anatamy And Physiology (14 decks)

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