integumentary system Flashcards
anatomical position
straight, standing erect, head facing forwards, arms straight down with palms facing anteriorly, legs straight with feet facing forward and planted on the ground
volar
palm of hand
sagittal plane
right and left
sagittal plane movement
flexion and extension
sagittal plane movement examples
swimming, summersault
frontal plane
anterior and posterior
frontal plane movement
abduction and adduction
frontal plane movement examples
cartwheel
transverse plane
superior and inferior
transverse plane movement
rotation
transverse plane movement example
hula hoop
sagittal plane interacts with what axis?
Frontal axis (medial-lateral)
frontal plane interacts with what axis?
sagittal axis (anterior-posterior)
transverse plane interacts with what axis?
vertical axis
five parts of integumentary system
hair, skin, nails, sweat and oil glands
keratinocytes
building blocks of skin; tough, fibrous protein keratin that gives structure, durability, and waterproofing to your hair, nails, and outer skin.
melanocyte
the spider-shaped cell that synthesizes melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color; color is dependent on the breadth of their cellular extensions
dendritic/lagerhans cells
star-shaped cells that originate in your bone marrow (similar to white
blood cells and platelets). Once they migrate to the epidermis, their tendrils run around the keratinocytes and ingest the unwanted invaders
tactile/merkel cells
located at the boundary between the epidermis and the dermis, where they combine with nerve endings to create a sensory receptor for touch
what are the five layers of the epidermis?
stratum basale (the deepest portion of the epidermis), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum (the most superficial portion of the epidermis).
stratum basale
thin single layer of columnar cells where new-cell/mitosis production happens. This stratum connects the epidermis to the layer of skin below it, the dermis.
stratum spinosum
These cells look prickly when they’re dehydrated and that’s because they contain filaments that help them hold to each other
stratum granulosum
contains living keratinocytes that are forming keratin like crazy. These cells are getting compressed and flattened as they move up through the epidermal layers, maturing as they go.
stratum lucidum
holds two or three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes that are only found in the thick skin of your palms and foot soles. In places where you only have thin skin, this layer is what’s missing.
stratum corneum
outermost layer and also the roughest, made up of dead keratinocyte cells. This is the layer that you’re always sloughing off, but while it’s in place it offers basic protection from environmental threats.
epidermis
made of stratified squamous epithelial tissue that protects your body from harm, keeps your body hydrated, produces new skin cells; avascular
what does the dermis do?
sweating, circulating blood, and feeling everything everywhere all the time
papillary layer of dermis
upper layer is composed of a thin sheet of areolar connective tissue with dermal papillae that form unique friction ridges that press up through the epidermis to help our fingers and feet grip surfaces.
reticular layer of dermis
deeper, thicker layer that is made up of dense irregular connective tissue and strengthens the skin, providing structure and elasticity; contains hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands
hypodermis
composed mostly of adipose or fatty tissue that stores energy, insulates the body, absorbs shock, and anchors skin
where is thick skin located?
palms of your hands and the soles your feet; it consists of five epidermal layers
how does the integumentary system protect the body from the environment?
Your skin, hair, nails and sweat and oil glands all work together to shield you from all the things out there that are out to get you: excessive sunlight, infections, abrasions
dermis
sweats, circulates blood and is where touch/feeling occur
cutaneous sensory receptors
receive stimuli from the environment and send them to the brain; these receptors/corpuscles register all of the different sensations that you associate with touch
tactile corpuscles
touch receptors
lamellar corpuscles
pressure receptors
How does the integumentary system aid in excreting waste?
Most nitrogen-containing wastes like urea, uric acid, and ammonia are disposed of through your urine, but small amounts are eliminated through your skin in sweat
How does the integumentary system store blood?
When you need more blood supplied to your organs, your nervous system constricts your dermal blood vessels to squeeze that extra blood into circulation.
How does the integumentary system regulate body temperature?
dilation or constriction of heat-carrying blood vessels in the skin;
if you are cold, the integumentary system will regulate that heat loss, your dermal blood vessels constrict, causing your blood to head deeper into your tissues and help keep your vital organs warm. Once things warm up, those blood vessels in the skin gradually relax, and allow that blood to return to the surface.
cyanosis
blue skin; heart failure, poor circulation, severe respiratory issues
jaundice
liver disorder/bile
what do cyanosis and jaundice do to blood vessels?
cause them to expand and more blood to flow to skin’s surface
How does the integumentary system synthesize vitamin D?
Your skin cells contain a molecule that converts to vitamin D when it comes in contact with UV light. From there the vitamin heads through your bloodstream to your liver and kidneys where it truly becomes activated D, also called calcitriol, which is circulated to all the bones of your body.
hair shaft
keratinization is complete
hair root
keratinization is still happening
eccrine sweat glands
open into pore on surface of skin; palms, forehead and foot soles
apocrine sweat glands
empty into hair follicles around armpits and groin; secrete sweat with proteins and fats the react with bacteria, creating body odor
ceruminous sweat glands
create earwax
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum in hair follicles to soften and lubricate skin and hair and slow water loss from skin; everywhere except palms and foot soles and larger on face and neck than rest of body
hemostasis
process of the wound being closed by clotting; blood vessels constrict to restrict blood flow, and platelets stick together to seal the blood vessel; blood changes from a liquid to gel due to coagulents and prothrombin
Inflammation
second stage of wound healing and begins right after the injury when the injured blood vessels are engorged with fluid to encourage healing, bacteria is removed and nutrients and WBCs heal the wound; inflammation controls bleeding and prevents infection
wound healing steps
hemostasis, inflammation, proliferative and maturation
thrombus
keeps platelets and blood cells trapped in wound area
proliferative phase
third stage of wound healing is when the cells divide and fill the wound with collagen and extracellular matrix; wound contracts via myofibroblasts and new blood vessels are made to help the granulation tissue stay healthy
collagen
protein that provides structure, support and strength throughout the body
extracellular matrix
network of proteins and molecules that surround and support cells/tissues
maturation phase
collagen is remodeled and the wound fully closes; collagen is aligned with tension lines and water is reabsorbed so collagen binds, causing the collagen to crosslink (add bonds between collagen)
why should wounds be kept hydrated while they heal
In the final phase of the proliferative stage of wound healing, epithelial cells resurface the injury. It is important to remember that epithelialization happens faster when wounds are kept moist and hydrated.
factors that contribute to chronic wounds/stalled wound healing
Pressure, trauma and/or lower extremity wounds, increased bacterial load, excessive proteases (degraded growth factors) matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), degraded cell surface structures, Senescent/Aberrant cells, inappropriate treatment
chronic wound
wound that has failed to progress through the phases of healing in an orderly and timely fashion and has shown no significant progress toward healing in 30 days; raised, hyperproliferative, yet non-advancing wound margin
pressure ulcer
Primarily afflict patients who are bedridden or of limited mobility; constant pressure on the tissue over powers the pressure of the capillaries, affecting blood flow; areas at the greatest risk for pressure ulcers are the sacrum, shoulder blades and heels.
diabetic ulcer
often start as small scratches or bruises which patients with diabetes fail to notice due to nerve damage and limited sensitivity; compromised immune systems and damaged capillaries lead to these formerly small and benign wounds becoming dangerously infected.
