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Functional Anatomy > circulatory system > Flashcards

circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

right atrium

A

low pressure receiving chambers

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2
Q

right ventricle

A

high pressure discharging chambers

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3
Q

left atrium

A

low pressure receiving chambers

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4
Q

left ventricle

A

high pressure discharging chambers

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5
Q

Mitral/bicuspid valve

A

between left ventricle and left atrium

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6
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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7
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery and allows blood to flow from the heart to the lungs

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8
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

between left ventricle and aorta and carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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9
Q

Aorta

A

sends oxygen-rich blood to the body

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10
Q

Superior/inferior vena cava

A

sends oxygen poor-blood to the right atrium

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11
Q

Pulmonary circulation loop

A

send oxygen-poor blood to lungs and return oxygenated blood to pulmonary veins and left atrium

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12
Q

Steps of pulmonary circulation loop

A

Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk
Right and left pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated)
Lungs (capillaries transfer)
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid/mitral valve
Left ventricle

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13
Q

Steps of systemic loop

A

Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Body
Superior/inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle

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14
Q

systemic loop

A

send oxygen-rich blood to body and return unoxygenated blood to superior/inferior vena cava

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15
Q

systolic pressure

A

Systolic BP is the first number in measuring BP; peak pressure produced by contraction ventricles/relaxed atria; Lub sound of bicuspid and tricuspid valves closing

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16
Q

diastolic pressure

A

Diastolic BP is the second number in measuring BP; minimum pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed/contracting atria; Dub sound of the pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve closing

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17
Q

increased viscosity has what affects on BP and blood flow

A

increased resistance, decreased blood flow

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18
Q

Increased vessel length has what affects on BP and blood flow

A

increased resistance, decreased blood flow

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19
Q

Decreased vessel diameter has what affects on BP and blood flow

A

increased resistance, decreased blood flow

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20
Q

Relationship between blood flow and resistance

A

When blood flow increases, resistance decreases

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21
Q

How does the body respond to short term changes in blood pressure

A

The brain alters the distribution of blood flow around the body by changing the diameter of certain blood vessels
BP stretches the arterial walls and mechanically gated sodium channels open
Increased BP=increased action potentials to the brain, which dilates arterioles and reduces heart rate

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22
Q

why is high blood pressure detrimental to overall health?

A

Increased blood flow or resistance is bad for the heart because it produces more muscle around the left ventricle, which needs oxygen;
there is not enough blood, therefore there is not enough oxygen

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23
Q

Diuretics

A

lower the blood pressure by inducing sodium and fluid loss

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24
Q

Beta-blockers

A

block the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, causing the heart to beat more slowly and with less force, which lowers blood pressure.

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25
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

reduce blood pressure by relaxing your blood vessels

26
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

lower blood pressure by allowing blood vessels to relax and open

27
Q

arteries

A

carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and to the body

28
Q

veins

A

carry oxygen-poor blood back to heart to pump to the lungs

29
Q

capilaries

A

transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems and connect arteries and veins

30
Q

arterioles

A

mini arteries that branch into capillaries

31
Q

venules

A

mini veins that suck blood out of the capillaries

32
Q

layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

33
Q

tunica intima

A

simple squamous epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and internal elastic membrane; allow fluid to flow smoothly and are interspersed with valves that ensure the flow continues in one direction

34
Q

Tunica media

A

smooth muscle cells and elastin; provides support for the vessel and changes vessel diameter to regulate blood flow and blood pressure.

35
Q

Tunica externa

A

loosely woven collagen fibers that protects and reinforces the blood vessel; controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation

36
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of blood vessels

37
Q

vasodilation

A

the widening of blood vessels

38
Q

capillary beds

A

interwoven network of capillaries that delivers oxygen and nutrients in blood to destinations via diffusion

39
Q

how heat, cold, and activity affect the function of capillary beds?

A

When they tighten, blood bypasses some capillaries,
meaning less blood is exposed to the cold and you lose less heat;
when we get hot, blood vessels leading to the skin capillaries dilate, allowing more blood to flow through the skin and more heat to be lost

40
Q

How do pressure gradients move fluid and gasses within the capillary beds?

A

The cells send their CO2 to the venal end of the capillary exchange where the capillaries unite into venules and then merge into veins that head back to the heart
Pressure in these vessels drops since fluids always flow from higher to lower pressure
Since the pressure is so low in your veins there isn’t much pressure gradient left to push the blood back to your heart, so veins require some extra venous valves that help keep the blood from flowing backward.

41
Q

how would a blood cell circulate from the heart to a capillary bed and back to the heart again?

A

Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk
Right and left pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated)
Lungs (capillaris transfer)
Pulmonary veins
Thumb Capillary Bed
Radial vein
Brachial vein
Subclavian vein
Superior vena cava
Right atria
Right ventricle
Lungs
Left atria
Left ventricle
Aorta

42
Q

bulk flow

A

Movement of large numbers of molecules across membrane

43
Q

simple diffusions

A

Automatic flow from high concentration to low concentration (keep molecules close together)

44
Q

Breathing in

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract, lifting the ribs up/out and chest cavity expands
Lung pressure is lower than air pressure outside body so the lungs fill with outside air

45
Q

Breathing out

A

diaphragm and external intercostals relax, depressing the ribs and chest cavity compresses
Lung pressure is higher than air pressure outside body so the lungs empty the air in lungs

46
Q

How do blood cells exchange oxygen and CO2 to maintain homeostasis

A

Bronchioles empty into alveolar ducts, which enter alveolar sacs, where gas exchange occurs
Alveoli are lined with wet simple squamous epithelial tissue
Oxygen dissolves across the epithelial cells, endothelial cells or capillaries and into the bloodstream
Carbon dioxide diffuses out in the alveoli

47
Q

Partial pressure gradients

A

In a mixture of gases, if there is an area with a high concentration of a particular gas, it will diffuse to an area of less concentration

48
Q

how do changes in blood temperature change how hemoglobin binds to gasses in the blood?

A

Heat and CO2 activate the release of oxygen by lowering hemoglobins need for it
Heat and CO2 change the shape of hemoglobin

49
Q

how do changes in CO2 concentration change how hemoglobin binds to gasses in the blood?

A

Spike in CO2 released by active muscle tissues makes blood more acidic
Blood when mixed with CO2 created carbonic acid and breaks down into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, which change the hemoglobin shape and no longer need O2 (Bohr Effect)

50
Q

how does the lymphatic system collects, filters, and returns interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream

A

Lymph passes through lymph nodes, which filter and clean the lymph. Eventually, your body discards the waste and returns the filtered lymph to the bloodstream

51
Q

how does the lymphatic system fights infection?

A

Lymphocytes in the lymph node can alert macrophages to attack unwanted microorganisms and activate the immune system outside of the node for support

52
Q

lymph nodes

A

Monitor and cleanse lymph

53
Q

lymphoid organs

A

Spleen, thymus, adenoids and tonsils;
Thymus and spleen hold lymphocytes, which are maturing immune cells

54
Q

MALT areas

A

In mucous membranes around the body and outside lymphatic vessels

55
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

drains lymph from upper right torso, arm, head and thorax into the internal jugular vein

56
Q

larger thoracic duct

A

drains lymph from rest of the body into subclavian vein

57
Q

hypertension

A

Creates high BP and blood vessels have to withstand extra pressure; Over time, the increased force of blood against the arterial walls can make them stiffen, leak, or rupture, while the heart itself may simply wear out from all the extra work it’s doing to keep blood moving

58
Q

Cerebrovascular accident

A

Lack of blood and oxygen to the brain

59
Q

lymphedema

A

Any blockage in the lymph system that causes swelling and can constrain blood flow

60
Q

pressure ulcers

A

Constant pressure on the tissue overpowers the pressure of the capillaries, affecting blood flow

61
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

A

Damage to the airways and lungs

Functional Anatomy (4 decks)

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