endocrine and nervous system Flashcards
pituitary gland
master gland that controls the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands to make hormones
follicle-stimulating hormone
Produced by pituitary gland; helps regulate growth and trigger sexual maturity with target cells in the ovaries and testes
thyroid gland
produces thyroxine; stimulates metabolism and binds to receptors in most cells of the body
adrenal glands
on top of kidneys; produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress
parathyroid gland
Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is released to control calcium levels in your blood
pineal glands
produce and secrete melatonin
pancreas
regulates blood sugar levels with insulin and glucagon
insulin
released by beta cells and decreases blood sugar by increasing the rate that cells store sugars as glycogen or fat
glucagon
released by alpha cells and increases blood sugar by decreasing the rate that cells store sugar; Triggers the release of glucose back into blood
hypothalamus
produces corticotrophin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone.
hypothalamus
produces corticotrophin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone.
how does the endocrine system use glands to produce hormones
Hormones control and regulate reproduction, metabolism/energy balance, growth and development, body defenses and homeostasis; hormone binding is important
hormone binding
when hormones are made of amino acids, peptides and proteins (water soluble) OR lipids (lipid soluble) and change the cells activity
Water soluble cells
Cant cross the cell membrane because it is made of lipids; target cells have receptors on the outside of their membrane
Target cells
water soluble hormones can only trigger reactions in specific cells and when they are activated the hormone alters its activity by increasing or decreasing some of its function
Lipid soluble
cells cross through the cell membrane to receptors proteins without use of target cells
hormone cascade
Trigger hormones to produce more hormones; some hormones exist just to control other hormones, which in turn control more hormones
nervous system functions
fast electrochemicals action potentials delivered by neurons to specific cells and organs; fast action, localized and short lived
Endocrine system functions
secretes hormones into blood without using ducts; slow moving, target broad areas and long lived
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis/HPA axis
Regulates digestion, sexuality, immune response and stress management
HPA axis step 1
Action potentials in brain trigger neurons in your hypothalamus to release corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), a stress response hormone
HPA axis step 2
Travels to anterior pituitary gland to bind to receptors on the outside of target cells (water soluble), triggers release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
HPA axis step 3
ACTH travels through bloodstream to adrenal cortices and binds to receptors on cells and triggers the release of glucocorticoid and mineral corticoid hormones, which keep blood sugar and pressure balanced
HPA axis step 4
Hypothalamus senses hormones in blood and stops sereting CRH, resulting in other glands stopping the secretion of their hormones
hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis/HPT axis
Regulates everything related to homeostasis
HPT axis step 1
Blood travels to hypothalamus and temp sensitive sensory neurons notice change in blood temp
HPT axis step 2
Hypothalamic neurons release thryotropin releasing hormone (TRH) into the bloodstream, which is a tropic hormone, meaning it gets the hormone cascade started by triggering the release of other hormones.
HPT axis step 3
Reaches anterior pituitary where receptor cells release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) into the bloodstream
HPT axis step 4
TSH finds receptors on thyroid and signals gland to release its special thyroid hormone into the blood that is lipid soluble and binds inside nucleus either increasing, decreasing or maintaining its primary function
HPT axis step 5
Binding to receptors in nucleus triggers the transcription of DNA that makes enzymes break down glucose, producing more ATP: metabolism
HPT axis step 5
To prevent overheating, the pituitary and hypothalamus provide negative feedback and decrease their hormone production; stops stimulation of thyroid, reduces hormones levels in blood, and slows down metabolism
function of nervous system
Enables us to communicate with the external world and control our internal environment by receiving information through the senses, processing it, and sending motor commands to match
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
motor neurons and sensory neurons
motor neurons (PNS)
transmit efferent info from CNS to muscles and glands (away)
sensory neurons (PNS)
transmit afferent information from sensory receptors to CNS (towards)
autonomic nervous system
regulates involuntary functions of the body
somatic nervous system
controls voluntary muscle contraction and movement
Sympathetic nervous system
branch of ANS; fight or flight
Parasympathetic nervous system
branch of ANS; rest and digest
Sensory nerves
afferent fibers that receive sensory neurons
Motor nerves
efferent fibers that receive motor neurons
Mixed nerves
nerves containing afferent and efferent fibers
Dendrites
short and conduct information received towards the cell body
Axons
long nerve fibers that conduct the information away from the cell body
Endoneurium
axons warped in a connective tissue sheath
Fascicles
bundles of axons wrapped into groups
Perineum
fascicles surround by a connective tissue sheath
Epineurium
fascicles grouped together to form nerves and warped by a connective tissue sheath
interneurons
connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord
motor neurons
carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body
sensory neurons
carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system
olfactory nerve
smell
optic nerve
vision
oculomotor nerve
moving eye up, down, medially; raising eyelid; constricting pupil
trochlear nerve
Moving eye down and medially
trigeminal nerve
mastication; sensation to face and TMJ
abducent nerve
abducting the eye
facial nerve
facial expression; taste innervation to anterior two-thirds of tongue
vestibulocochlear nerve
hearing, vestibular sense
glossopharyngeal nerve
swallowing, taste, salivation
vagus nerve
visceral regulation; speech
accessory nerve
scapular elevation and rotation of head
hypoglossal nerve
movements of tongue
composition and pathway of a spinal nerve from the CNS to the PNS
