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Functional Anatomy > endocrine and nervous system > Flashcards

endocrine and nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland that controls the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands to make hormones

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2
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

Produced by pituitary gland; helps regulate growth and trigger sexual maturity with target cells in the ovaries and testes

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3
Q

thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxine; stimulates metabolism and binds to receptors in most cells of the body

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4
Q

adrenal glands

A

on top of kidneys; produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress

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5
Q

parathyroid gland

A

Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is released to control calcium levels in your blood

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6
Q

pineal glands

A

produce and secrete melatonin

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7
Q

pancreas

A

regulates blood sugar levels with insulin and glucagon

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8
Q

insulin

A

released by beta cells and decreases blood sugar by increasing the rate that cells store sugars as glycogen or fat

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9
Q

glucagon

A

released by alpha cells and increases blood sugar by decreasing the rate that cells store sugar; Triggers the release of glucose back into blood

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

produces corticotrophin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone.

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11
Q

hypothalamus

A

produces corticotrophin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone.

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12
Q

how does the endocrine system use glands to produce hormones

A

Hormones control and regulate reproduction, metabolism/energy balance, growth and development, body defenses and homeostasis; hormone binding is important

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13
Q

hormone binding

A

when hormones are made of amino acids, peptides and proteins (water soluble) OR lipids (lipid soluble) and change the cells activity

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14
Q

Water soluble cells

A

Cant cross the cell membrane because it is made of lipids; target cells have receptors on the outside of their membrane

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15
Q

Target cells

A

water soluble hormones can only trigger reactions in specific cells and when they are activated the hormone alters its activity by increasing or decreasing some of its function

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16
Q

Lipid soluble

A

cells cross through the cell membrane to receptors proteins without use of target cells

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17
Q

hormone cascade

A

Trigger hormones to produce more hormones; some hormones exist just to control other hormones, which in turn control more hormones

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18
Q

nervous system functions

A

fast electrochemicals action potentials delivered by neurons to specific cells and organs; fast action, localized and short lived

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19
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

secretes hormones into blood without using ducts; slow moving, target broad areas and long lived

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20
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis/HPA axis

A

Regulates digestion, sexuality, immune response and stress management

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21
Q

HPA axis step 1

A

Action potentials in brain trigger neurons in your hypothalamus to release corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), a stress response hormone

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22
Q

HPA axis step 2

A

Travels to anterior pituitary gland to bind to receptors on the outside of target cells (water soluble), triggers release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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23
Q

HPA axis step 3

A

ACTH travels through bloodstream to adrenal cortices and binds to receptors on cells and triggers the release of glucocorticoid and mineral corticoid hormones, which keep blood sugar and pressure balanced

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24
Q

HPA axis step 4

A

Hypothalamus senses hormones in blood and stops sereting CRH, resulting in other glands stopping the secretion of their hormones

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25
Q

hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis/HPT axis

A

Regulates everything related to homeostasis

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26
Q

HPT axis step 1

A

Blood travels to hypothalamus and temp sensitive sensory neurons notice change in blood temp

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27
Q

HPT axis step 2

A

Hypothalamic neurons release thryotropin releasing hormone (TRH) into the bloodstream, which is a tropic hormone, meaning it gets the hormone cascade started by triggering the release of other hormones.

28
Q

HPT axis step 3

A

Reaches anterior pituitary where receptor cells release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) into the bloodstream

29
Q

HPT axis step 4

A

TSH finds receptors on thyroid and signals gland to release its special thyroid hormone into the blood that is lipid soluble and binds inside nucleus either increasing, decreasing or maintaining its primary function

30
Q

HPT axis step 5

A

Binding to receptors in nucleus triggers the transcription of DNA that makes enzymes break down glucose, producing more ATP: metabolism

31
Q

HPT axis step 5

A

To prevent overheating, the pituitary and hypothalamus provide negative feedback and decrease their hormone production; stops stimulation of thyroid, reduces hormones levels in blood, and slows down metabolism

32
Q

function of nervous system

A

Enables us to communicate with the external world and control our internal environment by receiving information through the senses, processing it, and sending motor commands to match

33
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

34
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

motor neurons and sensory neurons

35
Q

motor neurons (PNS)

A

transmit efferent info from CNS to muscles and glands (away)

36
Q

sensory neurons (PNS)

A

transmit afferent information from sensory receptors to CNS (towards)

37
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates involuntary functions of the body

38
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary muscle contraction and movement

39
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

branch of ANS; fight or flight

40
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

branch of ANS; rest and digest

41
Q

Sensory nerves

A

afferent fibers that receive sensory neurons

42
Q

Motor nerves

A

efferent fibers that receive motor neurons

43
Q

Mixed nerves

A

nerves containing afferent and efferent fibers

44
Q

Dendrites

A

short and conduct information received towards the cell body

45
Q

Axons

A

long nerve fibers that conduct the information away from the cell body

46
Q

Endoneurium

A

axons warped in a connective tissue sheath

47
Q

Fascicles

A

bundles of axons wrapped into groups

48
Q

Perineum

A

fascicles surround by a connective tissue sheath

49
Q

Epineurium

A

fascicles grouped together to form nerves and warped by a connective tissue sheath

50
Q

interneurons

A

connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

motor neurons

A

carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body

52
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system

53
Q

olfactory nerve

A

smell

54
Q

optic nerve

A

vision

55
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

moving eye up, down, medially; raising eyelid; constricting pupil

56
Q

trochlear nerve

A

Moving eye down and medially

57
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

mastication; sensation to face and TMJ

58
Q

abducent nerve

A

abducting the eye

59
Q

facial nerve

A

facial expression; taste innervation to anterior two-thirds of tongue

60
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

hearing, vestibular sense

61
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

swallowing, taste, salivation

62
Q

vagus nerve

A

visceral regulation; speech

63
Q

accessory nerve

A

scapular elevation and rotation of head

64
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

movements of tongue

65
Q

composition and pathway of a spinal nerve from the CNS to the PNS

A

Functional Anatomy (4 decks)

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