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Human Anatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

integumentary system roles

A

physical protection from environmental hazards
thermoregulation
synthesis and storage of lipid reserves
excretion
synthesis of vitamin D3
sensory information
coordination of immune response to pathogens and cancers in skin

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2
Q

epidermis

A

composed of stratified squamous epithelium
the most superficial layer is composed of flattened, scale-like cells in layers
there are 4 different types of cells
there are 4-5 strata/layers
does not receive blood flow

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3
Q

dermis

A

made up of the papillary layer and the reticular layer

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4
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

hypodermis: layer composed of loose connective tissue with fat cells (adipocytes)

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5
Q

thick skin

A

covers areas prone to abrasion; hands and feet
contains stratum lucidum
5 layers of epidermis

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6
Q

thin skin

A

covers most of the body
does not contain stratum lucidum
4 layers of epidermis

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7
Q

accessory structures of the skin

A

hair
nails
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
sebaceous (oil) glands

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8
Q

stratum basale

A 
stratum germinativum
lowest layer of epidermis
single layer of basal stem cells
high mitotic activity'
gets blood supply from capillaries
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9
Q

stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers of cells

cells produce keratin protein called tonofibrils that connect to adjacent keratinocytes

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10
Q

stratum granulosum

A

cells begin to die
keratohyalin forms granules that dehydrate the cell and promote cross-linking of keratin filaments
cells release lipid-rich substance that begins to coat the cells to form a water-resistant layer

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11
Q

stratum lucidum

A

clear layer
only in thick skin cells that lack organelles or nuclei (dead)
before becoming more superficial in the epidermis

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12
Q

stratum corneum

A

all cells are dead and lack nuclei and organelles
flattened, scale-like, dehydrated cells that contain bundles of parallel keratin filaments
around 25 layers

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13
Q

papillary layer

A

most superficial layer of the skin that has a blood supply

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14
Q

reticulum

A

network

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15
Q

reticular layer

A

a network of dense, irregular connective tissue

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16
Q

papillary plexus

A

branching networks of arteries in the papillary layer of the dermis

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17
Q

cutaneous plexus

A

in subcutaneous layer branch to adipose tissue

in dermis to supply hair follicles, glands, and other structures

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18
Q

capillary loops

A

follow the contours of the epidermal-dermal boundary

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19
Q

tactile cells

A

merkel cells
found at the stratum basale
sensitive to touch when compressed
release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings
when cancerous, it is called tactile or Merkel cell carcinoma

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20
Q

dendritic cells

A

langerhan cells
most prominently located in the superficial portion of the stratum spinosum
immune cells in the skin
phagocytosis of pathogens that penetrate the more superficial layers of the epidermis and initiate immune response against cancerous cells

21
Q

adipocytes

A

fat cells in the hypodermis

22
Q

keratinocyte

A

cells made of keratin
make up the majority of the stratum corneum
lysosomes in keratinocytes break down melanosomes

23
Q

keratohyalin

A

forms granules in the stratum granulosum

24
Q

tonofibrils

A

bundles of keratin protein
produced by cells in the stratum spinosum
connect to adjacent keratinocytes
makes desmosomes, relate to cell junction adherence

25
Q

melanocytes

A

structures in the stratum basale
everyone has the same number
temporarily increase melanin production when exposed to UV light

26
Q

merocrine gland

A

eccrine gland
not as deep as apocrine
not associated with hair
widespread
palms and soles have the highest density (500 glands/cm3)
secrete clear sweat; 99% water plus electrolytes and a few other components such as dermacidin
controlled primarily by the autonomic nervous system
important for thermoregulation, excretion, and protection

27
Q

apocrine gland

A

coiled, tubular glands
associated with hair follicles
begin secreting cloudy, viscous, potentially odourous secretions at adolescence
found in the axillae (armpits), groin, and areola

28
Q

sebum

A

waxy, oily secretion

produced by sebaceous glands and follicles

29
Q

sebaceous gland

A

associated with hair follicles

contractions from arrector pili muscles force secretion into the hair follicle

30
Q

sebaceous follicles

A

not associated with hair
secretes sebum onto the skin’s surface
found on the face, back, chest, nipples, and sex organs

31
Q

dermacidin

A

secreted from merocrine sweat glands

has anti-bacterial properties

32
Q

what are the four primary cells in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile cells
dendritic cells

33
Q

sudoriferous gland

A

sweat glands
produce watery solution by merocrine secretion
flush epidermal surface
perform other special functions

34
Q

exocrine glands

A 
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
assist in thermoregulation
excrete wastes
lubricate epidermis
35
Q

sebaceous glands

A

secrete sebum that coats hair shaft and epidermis

provide lubrication and antibacterial action

36
Q

ceruminous glands

A

special apocrine glands

secretes waxy cerumen into external ear canal

37
Q

cerumen

A

waxy secretion in external ear canal

38
Q

mammary glands

A

special apocrine glands

specialized for milk production

39
Q

melanoma

A

cancer of melanocytes

40
Q

melanin

A

skin pigment produced and accumulated in the melanosomes

41
Q

melanosomes

A

produces and accumulates melanin
most abundant around the cell’s nucleus
transferred via phagocytosis to the adjacent keratinocytes

42
Q

describe and explain the role of melanin in the skin

A

surrounds the nucleus

absorbs UV radiation to protect DNA from mutations

43
Q

explain the ABCDE of melanoma

A

Asymmetry: is the mole the same on both sides
Border: is the border smooth or uneven
Colour: is the mole the same colour
Diameter: is the mole wider or have a larger diameter than a pencil eraser
Evolution: is the mole changing over time

44
Q

explain the factors that contribute to skin colour

A

carotene: orange-yellow pigment (epidermis)
melanin: black, yellow-brown, or brown pigment (epidermis)
oxygen bound hemoglobin: bright red (dermis)
cyanosis from reduced oxygen: bluish (dermis)

45
Q

explain the lifecycle of a keratinocyte

A

Stratum corneum
* Cells are dead, lack nuclei and organelles
* Flattened, scale-like, dehydrated cells that contain bundles of parallel keratin filaments
Stratum lucidum
* Clear layer of dead cells that lack nuclei and organelles
Stratum granulosum
* Cells begin to die as they get farther from their nutrient source
* Keratohyalin forms granules that dehydrate the cells and promote cross-linking of keratin filaments
* Cells release lipid rich substance that begins to coat the cells to form a water-resistant layer
Stratum spinosum
* Differentiation occurs, 8-10 layers of cells
* Cells produce bundles of keratin protein, called tonofibrils that connect to adjacent keratinocytes
* Contributes to desmosomes and cell junction adherence
Stratum basale
* Single layer of basal stem cells
* High mitotic activity
* Gets supply from capillaries

46
Q

collagen

A

The strongest and most abundant fibrous component of connective tissues
composed of fibrils arranged in bundles
Has high tensile strength.

47
Q

papillary

A

the superficial 20% of the dermis, is areolar connective tissue containing very thin collagen and elastic fibers

48
Q

dermal papillae

A

fingerlike projections that extend into the overlying epidermis
These projections of the dermal papillae into the epidermis increase the surface area for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between these layers

Human Anatomy (3 decks)

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