Integumentary system

Question 1

Integumentary system

Answer 1

Function: Encloses internal body structures; site of many sensory receptors; thermoregulation; vitamin D synthesis
Main Organs: Hair, Skin, Nails

Question 2

Function 1- Protection

Answer 2

The skin protects the rest of the body from the basic elements of nature such as wind, water, and UV sunlight.

Question 3

Function 2- Sensory Function

Answer 3

The skin acts as a sense organ because the epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis contain specialized sensory nerve structures that detect touch, surface temperature, and pain.

Question 4

Function 3- Thermoregulation

Answer 4

The sympathetic nervous system is continuously monitoring body temperature and initiating appropriate motor responses.

Question 5

Function 4- Vitamin D Synthesis

Answer 5

The epidermal layer of human skin synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation. In the presence of sunlight, a form of vitamin D3 called cholecalciferol is synthesized in the skin. Vitamin D is essential for normal absorption of calcium and phosphorous, which are required for healthy bones.

Question 6

Skin

Answer 6

The skin is made of multiple layers of cells and tissues, which are held to underlying structures by connective tissue.

Question 7

Epidermis

Answer 7

Most superficial

Question 8

Dermis

Answer 8

Middle layer

Question 9

Hypodermis

Answer 9

Deepest layer

Question 10

Keratinocyte

Answer 10

A keratinocyte is a cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin.

Question 11

Stratum basale

Answer 11

Deepest epidermal layer (the base) and attaches the epidermis to the basal lamina, below which lie the layers of the dermis.

Question 12

Stratum spinosum

Answer 12

Spiny in appearance. The desmosomes interlock with each other and strengthen the bond between the cells.

Question 13

Stratum granulosum

Answer 13

Has a grainy appearance due to further changes to the keratinocytes as they are pushed from the stratum spinosum.

Question 14

Stratum lucidum

Answer 14

Smooth and seemingly translucent layer. This thin layer of cells is found only in the thick skin of the palms, soles, and digits. The keratinocytes that compose the stratum lucidum are dead and flattened

Question 15

Stratum corneum

Answer 15

The increased keratinization (also called cornification) of the cells in this layer gives it its name. There are usually 15 to 30 layers of cells in the stratum corneum. The entire layer is replaced in a period of 4 weeks.

Question 16

From superficial to deep

Answer 16

Come- Stratum corneum
Let’s- Stratum lucidum
Get- Stratum granulosum
Sun- Stratum spinosum
Burnt-Stratum basale

Question 17

Thick skin

Answer 17

Only on the palms of your hands and soles of your feet(layers 1-5: corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale)

Question 18

Thin skin

Answer 18

Layers 1, 3, 4, 5: Corenum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Question 19

Keratin

Answer 19

Keratin is an intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties.

Question 20

Hair

Answer 20

Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells.

Question 21

Hair follicle

Answer 21

Strands of hair originate in an epidermal penetration of the dermis called the hair follicle.

Question 22

Hair shaft

Answer 22

The part of the hair not anchored to the follicle, and much of this is exposed at the skin’s surface.

Question 23

Hair root

Answer 23

The rest of the hair, which is anchored in the follicle, lies below the surface of the skin and is referred to as the hair root.

Question 24

Free edge

Answer 24

Ensures that all the nail bed is covered and therefore protected.

Question 25

Lunula

Answer 25

The nail bed is rich in blood vessels, making it appear pink, except at the base, where a thick layer of epithelium over the nail matrix forms a crescent-shaped region called the lunula

Question 26

Eponychium

Answer 26

The nail fold that meets the proximal end of the nail body forms the nail cuticle, also called the eponychium.

Question 27

Nail root

Answer 27

A matrix of proliferating cells from the stratum basale that enables the nail to grow continuously.

Question 28

Eccrine sweat gland

Answer 28

Type of gland that produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation.

Question 29

Apocrine sweat gland

Answer 29

Is usually associated with hair follicles in densely hairy areas, such as armpits and genital regions.

Question 30

Pores

Answer 30

They are coiled glands lying deep in the dermis, with the duct rising up to a pore on the skin surface, where the sweat is released.

Question 31

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 31

Symptoms- white waxy bump or scaly patch on sun exposed areas Treatment- Surgery or medications

Question 32

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 32

Symptoms- Rough reddish scaly patch. Form of skin cancer caused by UV light and genetics. Treatment- microscopic surgery

Question 33

Melanoma

Answer 33

Symptoms- causes sores that don't heal, redness, swelling, and discoloration. Treatment- immunotherapy and targeted drugs

Question 34

Eczema

Answer 34

Symptoms- dry skin, scaly rough skin, bumps, and discoloration(typically red and gray) Treatment- moisturizing regularly and applying medical creams and ointments.

Question 35

Acne

Answer 35

Occurs when the pores of your skin become blocked with oil, dead skin, or bacteria. Symptoms- pimples, red bumps, irritation Treatment- Cleansing properly, using a water based moisturizer

Question 36

1st degree skin burns

Answer 36

Symptoms- Affects the epidermis, peeling skin, redness, swelling, pain, and dry skin. Treatment- aloe vera, running cool water on the burn

Question 37

2nd degree skin burn

Answer 37

Symptoms- affects the first and second layer of the epidermis and dermis, blisters, most painful because the nerves are not destroyed. Treatment- Clean and bandage the affected area.

Question 38

3rd degree skin burn

Answer 38

Symptoms- white or blackened skin, may look charred, and possibly numb depending on nerve damage Treatment- IV antibiotics and fluid. Medicated ointments and creams and possibly skin grafts

Question 39

4th degree skin burn

Answer 39

Symptoms- go through both layers of the skin and underlying tissue, possibly including muscle and bones. The nerves are destroyed so it is not painful. Treatment- IV fluids and antibiotics, clean and bandage properly, once healed skin grafts may be used.

Question 40

Stretch marks

Answer 40

Symptoms- Colored marks may appear | Treatment- fades as time but never completely goes away

Question 41

Callus

Answer 41

Symptoms- thickened skin that forms as a result of repetitive friction, pressure or irritation. Treatment- Soaking the callus then exfoliating the rough area.