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Pathophys Semester 2 > Integumentary: slide 19 on > Flashcards

Integumentary: slide 19 on Flashcards

1
Q

Coloring from carotene:

  • what colors?
  • acquired from?
  • accumulates inside?
A
  • Yellow-orange pigment
  • Acquired from yellow-orange vegetables
  • Accumulates inside subcutaneous fat and keratinocytes of stratum corneum
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2
Q

Nevus is commonly called ______

A

a mole

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3
Q

Nevus=

A
  • Harmless overgrowth of melanin forming cells

- Rarely may become malignant

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4
Q

Freckles= represent localized areas of _____

A
  • Yellowish or brown spots
  • –> localized areas of increased melanocyte activity
  • Degree of pigmentation based on sun exposure and heredity
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5
Q

Ridge patterns of the skin:

  • Friction ridges?
  • locations?
  • what are they formed by?
A
  • Friction Ridges (fingerprints)
  • located on fingers, palms, soles, and toes
  • formed from large folds and valleys of dermis and epidermis
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6
Q

T/F: each individual has a unique pattern of friction ridges

A

True

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7
Q

Friction ridges: function?

A
  • *help increase friction on contact

- allows for personal identification

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8
Q

Dermis: divided into 2 layers

A
  • papillary layer

- reticular layer (deep)

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9
Q

Describe the papillary layer of the dermis:

  • -where is it located?
  • made of which type of CT?
A

=Superficial 20% thickness of the dermis, directly adjacent to epidermis
-Composed of areolar connective tissue
Derives name from projections of the dermis termed dermal papillae
-contain capillaries that supply nutrients to epidermis

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10
Q

Papillary layer of the dermis:

projections of the epidermis interdigitating with papillae termed _______ _______

A

**epidermal ridges

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11
Q

Papillary layer of the dermis: Interlocks between dermal papillae and ________ ______, which increases the area of contact between layers

A

epidermal ridges

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12
Q

Describe the Reticular layer of the dermis:

-which type of CT?

A

=Deeper 80% thickness of the dermis, extends from papillary layer to subcutaneous layer
-*Consists primarily of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers

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13
Q

Reticular layer of the dermis contains which structures:

A
  • hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

- Collagen and elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles

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14
Q

Reticular layer of the dermis: the collagen and elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles serve to?

A
  • Alignment result of applied stress during routine movement
  • Bundles functioning to resist stress
  • Orientation indicated by lines of cleavage (tension lines)
  • Important consideration for surgery (incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal quickly)
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15
Q

An incision perpendicular to cleavage lines may ____

A

**gape and delay healing.

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16
Q

An incision parallel to
cleavage lines is more
likely to _____

A

heal quickly and

not gape open.

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17
Q

Innervation & blood supply of the dermis (2 things)

A
  • Dermis with extensive nerve fibers

- Dermal blood vessels

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18
Q

Innervation & blood supply of the dermis:

-describe the extensive nerve fibers

A
  • Sensory nerve fibers detect pain, temperature, touch, vibration,
  • Motor nerve fibers control blood flow and gland secretions
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19
Q

Innervation & blood supply of the dermis:

-describe Dermal blood vessels (small vs large?)

A
  • Supply nutrients to epidermis and dermis
  • Large vessels along reticular and subcutaneous border
  • Smaller vessels branching into dermis and dermal papillae
  • Play an important role in body temperature and blood pressure regulation via vasoconstriction and vasodilation
  • -*Vasoconstriction (blood vessel diameters narrowed, blood shunted from periphery toward deeper structures, occurring when trying to conserve heat)

–**Vasodilation (blood vessel diameter increased, more blood close to body surface, occurs when needing to loose heat)

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20
Q

Subcutaneous layer, aka

A
  • subcutaneous tissue, superficial fascia, hypodermis

- **Not a part of the integument

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21
Q

Describe the structure of. the subcutaneous layer.

A
  • predominantly adipose CT, small amount of areolar CT
  • highly vascularized
  • Connective tissue fibers interwoven with those of reticular dermis
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22
Q

Function of the subcutaneous layer

A
  • energy storage, insulation, cushion
  • anchors the skin to underlying structure (mostly to muscles) & allows the skin to slide relatively freely over those structures
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23
Q

T/F: different sexes have different layered thickness and distribution of the subcutaneous layer

A

True!

  • women, generally thicker, primarily in breasts, buttocks, hips, and thighs
  • men, generally thinner, primarily in neck, upper arms, abdomen, lower back, buttocks
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24
Q

Integumentary structures derived from the epidermis:

  • formed from portions of the epidermis invaginated into the _____.
  • List the 6 structures they include
A

dermis

Including:

  1. Nails
  2. Hair
  3. Merocrine sweat glands
  4. Apocrine sweat glands
  5. Sebaceous glands
  6. Ceruminous glands
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25
Q

Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except:

A
  • the hands and palmar surface of the fingers
  • the sides and soles of the feet and toes
  • the lips
  • portions of the external genitalia
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26
Q

Describe–> hair composition

A

Composed of keratinized cells growing from hair follicles

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27
Q

Describe the structures included in a hair bulb:

A
  • hair papilla

- matrix

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28
Q

What structures are included in the hair root:

A
  • cuticle
  • medulla
  • cortex
  • Hair follicle
  • connective tissue root sheath
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29
Q

What structures are included in the hair follicle?

A
  • CT root sheath

- epithelial tissue root sheath

30
Q

Describe the hair bulb:

  • where does swelling occur?
  • What does it surround?
A
  • swelling at the base where hair originates in dermis

- surrounds hair papilla, (projection of dermis which provides the hair with nutrients)

31
Q

Describe the hair bulb:

-what is immediately above the hair papilla?

A
  • Immediately above the hair papilla is a region called hair matrix, it’s the hair growth center, and is composed of mitotically active keratinocytes, the produced new cells gradually pushed toward surface
  • **the hair pigments are made by melanocytes in hair matrix.
32
Q

Hair structure:

-the root?

A

=the portion of dead keratinized cells penetrating into dermis and sometimes into subcutaneous layer

33
Q

Hair structure:

-the shaft?

A

portion of hair beyond skin surface

34
Q 
Hair structure"
describe the following:
-medulla
-Cortex
-cuticle
A

medulla= composed of loosely arranged cells and air space. Contains flexible, soft keratin

Cortex=flattened cells closer to outer hair surface. relatively hard

Cuticle=single cell layer around cortex

35
Q

Hair follicles:

-are oblique ____ surrounding the hair root

A

tubes

36
Q

Hair follicles:

-extend into?

A

dermis and sometimes subcutaneous layer

37
Q

Hair follicles:

have an outer ______?

A

**has outer connective tissue root sheath originating in dermis

38
Q

Hair follicles:

-has an inner ______?

A

has inner epithelial tissue root sheath originating from epidermis

39
Q

Arrector Pilli:

  • thin ribbons of_____?
  • extends from?
A

-Thin ribbons of smooth muscle
-Extend from hair follicle to the dermal papillae
-Elevates hair with contraction, producing “goosebumps”
Protection

40
Q

Functions of hair (list 5)

A
  • Protection
  • Heat retention
  • Sensory reception
  • Visual identification
  • Dispersal pheromones
41
Q

Describe the mechanism of Protection (fx of hair)

A
  • Protects scalp from sunburn and injury
  • Hair within nostrils trapping particles
  • Hair within ears protecting from foreign matter
  • Eyelashes protecting eyes
  • Eyebrows keeping sweat out of eyes
42
Q

Describe the mechanism of heat retention:

A

Prevents loss of heat from scalp to air

43
Q

Describe Sensory reception

A

-Has associated tactile receptors

44
Q

Describe the mechanism of Visual identification (fx of skin)

A

Important in determining age, sex, specific individuals

45
Q

Describe the mechanism of dispersal pheromones (skin fx)

A
  • chemical signals involved in attracting sexual partners

- secreted by specific sweat glands onto hairs in axillary and pubic regions

46
Q

List the 3 kinds of exocrine glands of the skin

A
  • apocrine
  • merocrine
  • sebaceous
47
Q

Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands:

  • how many are there?
  • where are they located?
A

Most numerous and widely distributed, abundant in palms, soles & forehead; absent in some genital regions, lips, nipples

48
Q

Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands:

-function?

A
  • Discharge their secretions onto skin surface,
  • Produce secretions by exocytosis
  • -**Secrete sweat
49
Q

Describe the composition of sweat:

A
  • composed of 99% water and 1% other chemicals

- include electrolytes, metabolites, and waste products (urea, uric acid, ammonia

50
Q

Functions of the Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands (4)

A
  • Regulation of body temperature by fluid evaporation
  • Provide a means for loss of water and electrolytes
  • Secretions diluting harmful chemicals
  • Secretions with antibacterial activity
51
Q

Apocrine Sweat glands:

-found in?

A
  • Found in axillae, around nipples, in pubic and anal region

- -Discharge their secretions into hair follicles

52
Q

Apocrine sweat glands produce secretions by ______

A

exocytosis

  • Produce viscous, cloudy secretions called pheromones (estrogen- and progesterone-like secretions)
  • Start producing secretions during puberty for communication
53
Q

Sebaceous glands:

-are ______ distributed

A

widely

54
Q

Sebaceous glands: fx

hint: what do they produce?

A
  • Produce oily secretion called sebum
  • Holocrine glands
  • Secretion stimulated by hormones, especially androgens
  • Activated during puberty
55
Q

Describe Sebum

A
  • acts as a lubricant for skin and hair
  • has bactericidal properties
  • discharged into a hair follicle
56
Q

Sebaceous glands (summary):

  • locations?
  • Secretion?
  • functions?
A
  1. locations - widespread
  2. secretion
    - -contains sebum (oil) and cellular fragments
    - -secreted by destruction of the whole glandular cells (holocrine gland), secreted into hair follicles rather than directly to skin surface
  3. functions - lubrication, prevents water loss, keeps skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked, inhibits bacterial growth
57
Q

Ceruminous glands= modified ______ sweat glands

A

apocrine

58
Q

Ceruminous glands:

  • location?
  • secretions?
A

-**Located only in the external acoustic meatus

  • Secretions form waterproof earwax, cerumen
  • -help trap foreign material
  • -help lubricate acoustic meatus and eardrum
59
Q

Mammary glands= modified ______ sweat glands of the breast

A

apocrine

60
Q

Mammary glands:

-function?

A
  • Only function in pregnant and lactating females

- Produce milk – nutrient for infants

61
Q

Functions of the integument: Epidermis (list 7 functions)

A
  • protection
  • Prevention of water loss
  • production of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Immune Function
  • Sensory Reception
62
Q

Functions of the integument- Epidermis:

-describe the mechanism of protection

A
  • Protects body from physical injury and trauma
  • Protects from chemicals, toxins, microbes, temperature extremes
  • Protects deeper tissue from solar radiation
63
Q

Functions of the integument- Epidermis:

-describe the mechanism of prevention of water loss

A
  • Helps prevent unnecessary water loss
  • Water resistant, NOT waterproof–some interstitial fluid penetrating through epidermis to air (a process termed transpiration)
64
Q

Functions of the integument- Epidermis:

-describe the mechanism of production of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol

A
  • Stimulated by UV light - steroid in keratinocytes is converted to vitamin D3
  • Vitamin D3 is transported to an intermediate molecule in liver
  • The intermediate molecule is converted to calcitriol (an active form of vitamin D) which is a hormone that stimulates absorption of Ca and P in intestine)
65
Q

Functions of the integument- Epidermis:

-describe Secretion

A
  • Plays a role in electrolyte homeostasis by secreting waste products onto skin surface during sweating
  • Sebum of sebaceous glands lubricating skin surface and hair
66
Q

Functions of the integument- Epidermis:

-describe Absorption

A

Can absorb certain chemicals and drugs

67
Q

Functions of the integument- Epidermis:

-describe immune fx?

A

-Dendritic cells in stratum spinosum in epidermis (also present in dermis) initiate immune response against pathogens, attack cancer cells

68
Q

Functions of the integument- Epidermis:

-describe sensory reception

A

Detect light touch

69
Q

Function of the integument: Dermis (list 3 functions)

A
  • temperature regulation
  • Sensory reception
  • some shared function with epidermis (E.g., secretion and absorption and immune function)
70
Q

Describe Temperature regulation (fx of the Dermis)

A
  • Blood vessel dilation and sweating when body too warm
  • Blood vessel constriction when body too cold
  • Evaporative cooling at surface (sweat gland)
71
Q

Describe Sensory reception (fx of the dermis)

A

Detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and vibration

Pathophys Semester 2 (12 decks)

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