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Pathophys Semester 2 > integumentary slide 1-19-mace-exam 1 > Flashcards

integumentary slide 1-19-mace-exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Integument system is composed of 2 things:

A
  1. skin

2. The derivatives of skin

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2
Q

Skin– also known as ____ _____

A

cutaneous membrane, or integument

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3
Q

Skin is composed of: (2 things)

A
  • epidermis (epithelium

- Dermis (CT)

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4
Q

Derivatives of skin=

A

hairs, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands, nails

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5
Q

Hypodermis is composed of which 2 types of CT?

A
  • adipose

- areolar

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6
Q

T/F: hypodermis is a part of the skin

A

FALSE! it’s not a part of the skin, but is studied together with the skin because their close relation

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7
Q

The dermis is made up of which 2 layers:

A
  • papillary layer (more superficial) –> contains Epidermal ridge and Dermal papilla
  • Reticular layer (deeper)–> contains hair follicles, arrector pilli muscle, sebaceous glands, sweat gland ducts, merocrine glands
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8
Q

Skin is considered the largest organ in human body, making up ____ % of the body weight

A

7-8%

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9
Q

Epidermis is composed of which type of epithelium?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

Which cell type primarily makes up the epidermis

A

primarily keratinocytes

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11
Q

The epidermis, contains 4-5 layers depending on the location, name them from deepest to most superficial

A 
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
(Britney spears gets long )
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12
Q

Which layers of the epidermis contain living keratinocytes?

A

first three layers (deepest layers)
-stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum

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13
Q

Which layers of the epidermis contain dead keratinocytes?

A

most superficial 2 layers:

  • stratum lucidum (only in thick skin– deep to the stratum corneum)
  • stratum corneum
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14
Q

Stratum Basale aka

A

stratum germinativum or basal layer

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15
Q

Describe the stratum basale

A
  • Deepest epidermal layer
  • Single layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells
  • Attached to underlying basement membrane which separates the epidermis from the dermis
  • Contains sensory nerve endings for sensing pain and temperature
  • **contains 3 cell types
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16
Q

List the 3 cell types of the stratum basale

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Tactile Cells (merkel cells)
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17
Q

Describe keratinocytes in the stratum basale

A

many keratinocytes stem cells present in this layer, that divide to regenerate new cells–> replace old cells shed at the surface

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18
Q

Describe the function of Melanocytes in the stratum basale

A

Melanocytes–>produce & store melanin in response to UV light, transfer pigment granules into keratinocytes, accumulate around nucleus of keratinocytes, shield nuclear DNA from UV radiation, **responsible for the darker tones of skin

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19
Q

Describe the function of tactile cells in the stratum basale

A

aka (Merkel cells) are sensitive to touch, when compressed, release chemicals to stimulate sensory nerve endings

20
Q

Stratum spinosum aka ______

A

spiny layer

21
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum:

  • cell type?
  • contains?
A

=Several layers of polygonal keratinocytes

  • Daughter cells from stratum basale are pushed into this layer to become specialized, non-dividing keratinocytes, some in deepest level still dividing cells
  • **Contains sensory nerve endings for sensing pain and temperature
  • also contain epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans cells)
22
Q

Fx of Dendritic cells

A

aka Langerhans cells (in the stratum spinosum)
Fx: -immune cells that help initiate immune response
-responsive to pathogens and epidermal cancer cells

23
Q

Stratum Granulosum aka

A

granular layer

24
Q

Describe the cell type contained in the stratum granulosum and what occurs in this layer

A
  • contains 3-5 layers of keratinocytes
  • located Superficial to the stratum spinosum
  • **First layer of keratinization
25
Q

Describe the process of keratinization (that occurs in the stratum granulosum)

A

Keratinization:

  • process where keratinocytes fill with keratin
  • causes nucleus and organelles to disintegrate
  • fully keratinized cells are dead but structurally sound
  • process is NOT complete until more superficial layers
26
Q

Stratum Lucidum aka

A

clear layer

27
Q

Describe the cell type contained in the stratum lucidum and where is this layer found?

A
  • 2-3 layers of keratinocytes
  • Found ONLY on thick skin within the palms and soles
  • Appears translucent because keratinocytes are filled with a translucent protein, eleidin (intermediate product in keratin maturation)
28
Q

Stratum corneum aka

A

hornlike layer

29
Q

Describe the cell type contained in the stratum corneum

A
  • Several layers of dead, interlocking keratinized keratinocytes (cells are anucleate and tightly packed, plasma membrane enclosing keratin protein)
  • **Most superficial layer of epidermis
  • Migration of of keratinocytes to stratum corneum takes 2 weeks, the cells remain in stratum corneum another two weeks, then shed
30
Q

What is important to note about the suface layer of the epidermis (aka the stratum corneum)?
-hint: can microorganisms live here)

A

Surface of the stratum corneum is unsuitable for the growth of many microorganisms
–> secretions of exocrine glands also helping prevent growth

31
Q

Melanocytes are ____ under microscopy

A

green (fura)— melanin

32
Q

Keratinocytes have a ____ colored nuclei and ____ colored keratin

A

blue-nuclei

red- keratin

33
Q

Thick skin is found?

A
  • on the palms of hands, soles of feet, surfaces of fingers, toes
  • has all five layers of epidermal strata
34
Q

Does thick skin have sweat glands? Hair follicles? Sebaceous glands?

A

has sweat glands, but NO hair follicles or sebaceous glands

35
Q

Thick skin is approx. ___ to ___ mm thick

A

0.4-0.6 mm thick

36
Q

Thin skin is located?

A

covers most of the body

37
Q

thin skin lacks which layer?

A

lacks a stratum lucidum**

38
Q

thin skin contains which types of glands

A

-sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands

39
Q

thin skin is ____ to _____ mm thick

A

0.075 to 0.150 mm thick

40
Q

Epidermis of thin skin contains which layers?

A

-statum corneum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
(stratum basale separates these layers from the dermis)

41
Q

Variations in skin: coloring in skin from Hemoglobin

A
  • Reddish tint due to the presence of hemoglobin in blood vessels in dermis
  • Hemoglobin is an oxygen binding compound present in red blood cells
  • More visible if blood vessels dilate (vasodilation)
42
Q

Variations in skin: coloring from Melanin

  • colors of shades of skin?
  • pigment is produced and stored in _____? and transferred?
A
  • black, brown, tan, yellow-brown shades
  • Pigment produced and stored in melanocytes, transferred to keratinocytes of stratum basale
  • Amount in skin varies according to heredity and light exposure (UV light stimulates production of melanin)

Activity and color varying among individuals, darker skinned people produce more and darker colored melanin

43
Q

T/F: all people have the same number of melanocytes

A

True! –>Activity and color varying among individuals, darker skinned people produce more and darker colored melanin

44
Q

Production of melanin by _____

A

melanocytes**

45
Q

Mechanism of a suntan (steps)

A
  1. Exposure of skin to UV light in a tanning bed
  2. Keratinocytes experience DNA damage and increase p53 activity (tumor suppressor gene: regulates cell cycle, prevents gene mutations)
  3. P53 stimulates a cascade that releases Corticotropin Releasing hormone (CRH) which stimulates POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin)
  4. POMC is broken down to form a-MSH (Melanin Stimulating Hormone) in the pituitary
  5. a-MSH in the blood stream binds to receptors on melanocytes (MC1R) stimulating 2nd messenger cAMP
  6. cAMP stimulates Melanocytes to increase production of melanin
  7. Melanin is packaged in vesicles & exocytosed into interstitial fluid
  8. Melanin enters keratinocyte
  9. Melanin migrates to nucleus of keratinocyte (protecting DNA from further damage)
  10. As keratinocytes move toward the surface they die & leave a layer of melanin in the dead cells
  11. Melanin in the Stratum Corneum cells provides both the color of a suntan and further UV protection to underlying layers

Pathophys Semester 2 (12 decks)

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