Integumentary anatomy and physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Skin functions
A
- protection and contain body contents: open area anywhere = portal of entry for illness
- maintain hydration: overall fucntion
- immunity: cellular components for recognizing infections/pathogens
- insulation/thermoregulation: fatty tissue/vascular component for skin
- sensation: nerve endings scar tissue can affect this
- vitamin D synthesis
- identity: any part of the body
2
Q
Epidermis layers
A
- stratum corneum: dead keratinized cells, continuously shedding
- stratum lucidum: only in palm/soles for thickness
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum: thickest layer
- stratum germinativum: single layer of epithelial cells fixed to dermis through ridges, constantly producing epidermal cells from stem cells
3
Q
Superficial wound
A
- a superficial wound = wound to just epidermis
- will not bleed
- heals really well/quickly
4
Q
Epidermal cells and their funcitons
A
- keratinocytes (dead): provide mechanical strength
- keratinocytes (living): synthesize keratin protein
- melanocytes: produce melanin
- langerhans cells: immune cells
- lympocytes: produce cytokines
- merkel cells: mechanoreceptors for touch
- basal cells: produce epidermal cells
5
Q
Epidermis protection/pH
A
- normal pH of straum corneum is 4-6.5 (low/acidic)
- protects from water and microorganisms
- damage to epidermis, increases pH and susceptibility to bacterial skin infections and fungal infections
- hydration and lubrication important
6
Q
Epidermis and aging
A
- thining and more transparent (more susceptible to mechanic stress)
- appearance of redness
- decrease in langerhans cells and melanocytes
- keratinocyte senscence: chronic wounds (less cells to regrow)
- atrophy of basement membrane and flattening of dermal epidermal junction (ridges gives epidermis/dermis strenght against mechanical stress = increase risk of skin tears)
7
Q
Dermis functions
A
- supports and nourishes the epidermis: blood vessels found here
- houses epidermal appendages
- assists with infection control
- assists with thermoregulation (vasoconstriction/dilation)
- provides sensation
8
Q
Dermis layers
A
- superficial papillary
- deep reticular layer
9
Q
Dermis layers
superficial papillary
functions/compentents
A
- extracellular matrix: collagen, elastin, ground substances
- fibroblasts: produce collagen and elastin and secretes hyaluronic acid
- blood vessels: nourishment, regulating body temperature and skin color
- lymphatic and small muscles
10
Q
Dermis layers
reticular layer
A
- larger blood vessels
- connective tissue
11
Q
Dermal cells
A
- mast cells: produce histamine and heparin for bleeding, present in subacute/chronic inflammation
- macrophages: phagocytosis produces enzymes and cytokines
- leukocyes: phagocytosis
- fibroblasts: produce dermal proteins: collagen major structural protein (primarily type 1) and elastin: provides skin with elastic recoil
- sensory receptors: free nerve endings, corpuscles (meissner/pacinian ruffini)
12
Q
Dermis and aging
A
- damage to elastin and collagen fibers: loss of these proteins older adults should stretch longer
- increasing skin stiffness, less recoil
- impaired sympathetic nervous system
- decrease capillary loops: decreased skin blood flow/ vasodilate and dispate heat, risk of hyperthermia
13
Q
Dermal appendages
A
- originate in the epidermis and mirgate into dermis
- hair follicles
- sebacous glands
- sweat glands
- finger and toe nails
14
Q
Subcutaneous tissue/hypodermis
A
- superficial fascia
- deep fascia
- adipose tissue/subcutaneous fat
- skeletal muscle
- tendon
- ligaments
- nerves
- bone
15
Q
Nutrients to maintain skin health
A
- vitamin D: maintains bone structure; immune response
- Vitamin C: promotes collage synthesis and wound healing
- Vitamin E: antioxidant; protect from UVB radiation
- Vitamin A: promotes collage deposition; protects from UV radiation
- Vitamin F: essential fatty acids - forms cell walls; protects from radiation
- micronutrients: selenium, zinc, copper, silicon, polyphenols
