Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Lecture > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three major components of the integumentary system.

A
  1. Skin (and its associated glands)
  2. Hair
  3. Nails
    * these organs are collectively called the common integument
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State the functions of the integumentary system.

A
  1. Thermoregulation - increasing or decreasing blood flow to the deep layer of the skin when the core temp. of the body increases or decreases
    - sweat also prevents overheating
  2. Hydroregulation - prevent desiccation of the body
  3. Physical and chemical protection -

. protects from temp extremes and desiccation
. physical barrier to microbial invaders
. protects direct trauma to deeper organs
. secretions by glands have antibacterial activity

  1. Sensory reception - invested with numerous sensory receptors
    ex) exteroceptors
  2. Vitamin D production
  3. Nonverbal communication - changes in color can reflect embarrassment or shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the two major layers of the skin, classify them histologically, name their sublayers, and differentiate them from hypodermis.

*skin is the largest organ and counts for over 10% of body weight!!!

A
  1. Epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium
    * from deep to superficial
  • stratum basale:
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the two major layers of the skin, classify them histologically, name their sublayers, and differentiate them from hypodermis.

*skin is the largest organ and counts for over 10% of body weight!!!

A
  1. Epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium
    * from deep to superficial
    - stratum basale: single layer of cells which sit on the basement membrane; they continually divide and some of the daughter cells are forced to the surface
    - stratum spinosum: several layers of cells, some mitotic activity in this layer
    * statrum basale and spinosum are collectively called - stratum germinativum
  • stratum granulosum: flattened and degenerated b/c they are so far away from the blood supply in the dermis
  • the process of keratinization begins in this layer
  • stratum lucidum: only present on palms of hands and soles of feet; cells are so degenerated they are no longer visible
  • stratum corneum: outer layer formed by two or three dozen layers of dead cells
  • contains significant quantities of keratin in their cytoplasm and is often called CORNIFIED OR KERITANIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the two major layers of the skin, classify them histologically, name their sublayers, and differentiate them from hypodermis.

*skin is the largest organ and counts for over 10% of body weight!!!

A
  1. Epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium
    * from deep to superficial
    - stratum basale: single layer of cells which sit on the basement membrane; they continually divide and some of the daughter cells are forced to the surface
    - stratum spinosum: several layers of cells, some mitotic activity in this layer
    * statrum basale and spinosum are collectively called - stratum germinativum
  • stratum granulosum: flattened and degenerated b/c they are so far away from the blood supply in the dermis
  • the process of keratinization begins in this layer
  • stratum lucidum: only present on palms of hands and soles of feet; cells are so degenerated they are no longer visible
  • stratum corneum: outer layer formed by two or three dozen layers of dead cells
  • contains significant quantities of keratin in their cytoplasm and is often called CORNIFIED OR KERITANIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the two major layers of the skin, classify them histologically, name their sublayers, and differentiate them from hypodermis.

  • skin is the largest organ and counts for over 10% of body weight!!!
    continued. ..
A
  1. Dermis - deep to epidermis, c.t. proper
    - Papillary Layer: thinner superficial portion which lies directly under the epidermis

. it has numerous projections and ridges which support the surface patterns that cause fingerprints

  • Reticular Layer: deep to papillary layer and is continuous with the underlying subcutaneous tissue
  • Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia/Subcutaneous tissue is not a layer of skin! It is what connects the dermis to deeper structures of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the two major layers of the skin, classify them histologically, name their sublayers, and differentiate them from hypodermis.

  • skin is the largest organ and counts for over 10% of body weight!!!
    continued. ..
A
  1. Dermis - deep to epidermis, c.t. proper
    - Papillary Layer: thinner superficial portion which lies directly under the epidermis

. it has numerous projections and ridges which support the surface patterns that cause fingerprints

  • Reticular Layer: deep to papillary layer and is continuous with the underlying subcutaneous tissue
  • Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia/Subcutaneous tissue is not a layer of skin! It is what connects the dermis to deeper structures of the body
  • the dermis is where scarring occurs, stretch marks (lineae albicans)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the two major layers of the skin, classify them histologically, name their sublayers, and differentiate them from hypodermis.

  • skin is the largest organ and counts for over 10% of body weight!!!
    continued. ..
A
  1. Dermis - deep to epidermis, c.t. proper
    - Papillary Layer: thinner superficial portion which lies directly under the epidermis

. it has numerous projections and ridges which support the surface patterns that cause fingerprints

  • Reticular Layer: deep to papillary layer and is continuous with the underlying subcutaneous tissue
  • Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia/Subcutaneous tissue is not a layer of skin! It is what connects the dermis to deeper structures of the body
  • the dermis is where scarring occurs, stretch marks (lineae albicans)
  • the dermis is highly vascularized and contains significant numbers of elastic and collagenous fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List the pigments that contribute to skin color.

A
  1. Melanin - responsible for the darkening of the skin (dark pigment produced by melanocytes)
    - these cells are located in stratum basale and spinosum
    * all individuals have the same # of melanocytes, the amount of pigment they produce and the degree that it is dispersed within their cytoplasm determines white from black from brown

EXPOSURE FROM ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT increases melanin production (“suntan”)

  • those who lack melanocytes are Albino
    2. Hemoglobin (red pigment in RBC’s)
    3. Carotene (pigment found in dark leafy greens)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Differentiate the glands associated with the skin in regard to location, type of secretion, mode of secretion, and function.

A
  1. Sweat (sudoriferous) glands - produce a watery secretion that has a thermoregulatory function
    - Eccrine (merocrine) sudoriferous glands: located over whole skin surface except lips, glans penis, and areas covered by nails

. watery secretion
. opens at sudoriferous pores

  • Apocrine sudoriferous glands: located into armpits (axillae) and groin (perineal regions)

. viscous and odoriferous secretions because they contain sloughed portions of the secretory cells

2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Differentiate the glands associated with the skin in regard to location, type of secretion, mode of secretion, and function.

A
  1. Sweat (sudoriferous) glands - produce a watery secretion that has a thermoregulatory function
    - Eccrine (merocrine) sudoriferous glands: located over whole skin surface except lips, glans penis, and areas covered by nails

. watery secretion
. opens at sudoriferous pores

  • Apocrine sudoriferous glands: located into armpits (axillae) and groin (perineal regions)

. viscous and odoriferous secretions because they contain sloughed portions of the secretory cells
. open into hair follicles (located more deeply in hypodermis)

2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Differentiate the glands associated with the skin in regard to location, type of secretion, mode of secretion, and function.

A
  1. Sweat (sudoriferous) glands - produce a watery secretion that has a thermoregulatory function
    - Eccrine (merocrine) sudoriferous glands: located over whole skin surface except lips, glans penis, and areas covered by nails

. watery secretion
. opens at sudoriferous pores

  • Apocrine sudoriferous glands: located into armpits (axillae) and groin (perineal regions)

. viscous and odoriferous secretions because they contain sloughed portions of the secretory cells
. open into hair follicles (located more deeply in hypodermis)

  1. Sebaceous Glands - holocrine oil-producing glands

. secrete sebum and helps to make skin more pliable and waterproof
. when ducts become blocked acne occurs

  1. Ceruminous glands - specialized glands found in external acoustic meatus

. secrete cerumen which keeps tympanic membrane pliable

  1. Mammary Glands - modified sweat glands that produce milk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Differentiate the glands associated with the skin in regard to location, type of secretion, mode of secretion, and function.

A
  1. Sweat (sudoriferous) glands - produce a watery secretion that has a thermoregulatory function
    - Eccrine (merocrine) sudoriferous glands: located over whole skin surface except lips, glans penis, and areas covered by nails

. watery secretion
. opens at sudoriferous pores

  • Apocrine sudoriferous glands: located into armpits (axillae) and groin (perineal regions)

. viscous and odoriferous secretions because they contain sloughed portions of the secretory cells
. open into hair follicles (located more deeply in hypodermis)

  1. Sebaceous Glands - holocrine oil-producing glands

. secrete sebum and helps to make skin more pliable and waterproof
. when ducts become blocked acne occurs

  1. Ceruminous glands - specialized glands found in external acoustic meatus

. secrete cerumen which keeps tympanic membrane pliable

  1. Mammary Glands - modified sweat glands that produce milk

. found within breasts
. lactiferous ducts open at nipple
. pigmented skin around nipple is termed the areola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Differentiate a hair from a hair follicle and explain the phenomenon of “goose bumps.”

A
  • hair is not present on nails, palms of hands, soles of feet, lips, nipples, and some parts of genitalia
  • a hair follicle consists of an apex, shaft, root, and bulb
  • the bulb is the deepest portion and is embedded in an encasement called the hair follicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Differentiate a hair from a hair follicle and explain the phenomenon of “goose bumps.”

A
  • hair is not present on nails, palms of hands, soles of feet, lips, nipples, and some parts of genitalia
  • a hair follicle consists of an apex, shaft, root, and bulb
  • the bulb is the deepest portion and is embedded in an encasement called the hair follicle
  • “goose bumps” result from the arrector pili m. which attaches to the hair follicle

. when stimulated by the sympathetic part of the ANS, this fasciculus erects the hair shaft and causes gooseflesh (goosebumps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Differentiate a hair from a hair follicle and explain the phenomenon of “goose bumps.”

A
  • hair is not present on nails, palms of hands, soles of feet, lips, nipples, and some parts of genitalia
  • a hair follicle consists of an apex (tip), shaft, root, and bulb
  • the bulb is the deepest portion and is embedded in an encasement called the hair follicle
  • the apex and shaft are exposed above the skin surface
  • “goose bumps” result from the arrector pili m. which attaches to the hair follicle

. when stimulated by the sympathetic part of the ANS, this fasciculus erects the hair shaft and causes gooseflesh (goosebumps)

17
Q

State the specific names for hair located in different regions of the body and discuss the substances that contribute to hair color.

A 
lanugo - embryonic hair
capilli - scalp hair
cilia - eyelashes
supercilia - eyebrows
barba - facial hair
tragi - ear hair
vibrissae - nose hair
pubes - pubic hair
hirci - axillary hair (armpit hair)
18
Q

State the specific names for hair located in different regions of the body and discuss the substances that contribute to hair color.

A 
lanugo - embryonic hair
capilli - scalp hair
cilia - eyelashes
supercilia - eyebrows
barba - facial hair
tragi - ear hair
vibrissae - nose hair
pubes - pubic hair
hirci - axillary hair (armpit hair)
  • hair color is attributed to increasing amounts of melanin (blonde, brown, black hair) and trichosiderin (red hair)
19
Q

State the specific names for hair located in different regions of the body and discuss the substances that contribute to hair color.

A 
lanugo - embryonic hair
capilli - scalp hair
cilia - eyelashes
supercilia - eyebrows
barba - facial hair
tragi - ear hair
vibrissae - nose hair
pubes - pubic hair
hirci - axillary hair (armpit hair)
  • hair color is attributed to increasing amounts of melanin (blonde, brown, black hair) and trichosiderin (red hair)
  • grey and white hair are a result of lack of pigment and increasing amounts of air in medullary portions of hair shafts
20
Q

Explain the relationship between the texture of hair and cross - sectional shapes of hair shafts.

A

*hair texture is due to the diameter and the shape of the hair shafts!!!

  • round shafts = straight hair
  • oval shafts = wavy hair
  • flattened shafts = curly hair
21
Q

Sketch a nail and label its parts including its four borders and the lunula.

A
  1. body - epithelial portion
  2. Matrix (nail bed) - dermis to which the body is attached
  3. 2 lateral borders
    - wall of the nail
  4. Blind (proximal) border
  • eponychium
  • perionyx (cuticule)
  1. Free (distal border)
    - hyponychium: thickened layer of dermis underneath distal border
  2. Lunula : half-mooned shaped, pale area along proximal border of some nails
22
Q

Sketch a nail and label its parts including its four borders and the lunula.

A
  1. body - epithelial portion
  2. Matrix (nail bed) - dermis to which the body is attached
  3. 2 lateral borders
    - wall of the nail
  4. Blind (proximal) border
  • eponychium - think layer of skin adherent to nail over its proximal border
  • perionyx (cuticule)
  1. Free (distal border)
    - hyponychium: thickened layer of dermis underneath distal border
  2. Lunula : half-mooned shaped, pale area along proximal border of some nails
23
Q

Sketch a nail and label its parts including its four borders and the lunula.

A
  1. body - epithelial portion
  2. Matrix (nail bed) - dermis to which the body is attached
  3. 2 lateral borders
    - wall of the nail
  4. Blind (proximal) border
  • eponychium - think layer of skin adherent to nail over its proximal border
  • perionyx (cuticule) - remnant that separates away
  1. Free (distal border)
    - hyponychium: thickened layer of dermis underneath distal border
  2. Lunula : half-mooned shaped, pale area along proximal border of some nails
24
Q

Sketch a nail and label its parts including its four borders and the lunula.

A
  1. body - epithelial portion
  2. matrix (nail bed) - dermis to which the body is attached
  3. 2 lateral borders
    - wall of the nail
  4. Blind (proximal) border
  • eponychium - think layer of skin adherent to nail over its proximal border
  • perionyx (cuticule) - remnant that separates away
  1. Free (distal border)
    - hyponychium: thickened layer of dermis underneath distal border
  2. Lunula : half-mooned shaped, pale area along proximal border of some nails
25
Q

Define/differentiate the common types of skin injuries including lacerations, abrasions, punctures and avulsions.

A
  1. Lacerations - cut/tear
  2. Abrasions - scrape
  3. Avulsions - tearing away chunks of skin
  4. Puncture - hole in skin where bacteria can grow; often treated very seriously because body tissues lack sufficient oxygen levels to inhibit the growth of tetanus
26
Q

Define/differentiate the common types of skin injuries including lacerations, abrasions, punctures and avulsions.

A
  1. Lacerations - cut/tear
  2. Abrasions - scrape
  3. Avulsions - tearing away chunks of skin
  4. Puncture - hole in skin where bacteria can grow; often treated very seriously because body tissues lack sufficient oxygen levels to inhibit the growth of tetanus
27
Q

Explain what causes scarring.

A

Scarring is the result of the proliferation of c.t. proper to heal wounds.

  • if wound edges are pulled together and infection is controlled, scaring is minimal

Anatomy Lecture (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions